Describe and illustrate what you consider to be the key features of Homers narrative technique Free Essays

The importance of Homer’s narrative technique in appreciation of the Odyssey cannot be emphasised enough. The role of similes, rhythm, formulaic composition, epithets, rhythm, folktale motifs and direct speech is to create composure in the poem and give rise to a particular form of Homeric narrative. The texture of the poem allows a reader or audience a â€Å"creative share in the artistic experience†1 as the numerous literary devices create a colourful epic narrative comprised of the objective, the subjective and the dramatic. We will write a custom essay sample on Describe and illustrate what you consider to be the key features of Homers narrative technique or any similar topic only for you Order Now The notion of an oral tradition runs closely alongside Homeric narrative in our appreciation of the Odyssey, and the ideas are closely entwined with one another. Thus to comprehend key features of Homeric narrative, it is important to consider the role of the oral tradition in the formulation of this. To understand key features of Homeric narrative it is first worth considering the critical role of the â€Å"linguistic phonomena of our text of Homer†2 and its profound effect on the poem. The elements of phonetics, morphology, and vocabulary which characterize the narrative is a construction of Aeolic, Ionic, artificial, and possibly Achaean text. Homer exercised obsolete word form, new word forms and even created artificial forms in order to utilize a language adapted to the needs of hexameter versification. 3. Thus formula was clearly of primary importance in Homeric narrative to the extent that language had to cater for formula not formula to language, born frth from the strict adherence to the oral tradition. It clearly allows flexibility in compusure for the bard as the infinitive ‘to be’ has following forms in Homeric narrative: emen, emmen, emenai, emmenai, einai, each is particular to a period yet each gives different numbers of syllables at the poets disposal thus can adhere to rhythmic structure. Formula frames the Odyssey from the beginning, every repeated expression down to stock scenes and themes that are rcorrent in the same formulaic composition. Origin of the works of Rothe, of Scott and Shewan set out to demonstrate that formulae are found everywhere in Homer and that there must be a common stock from which every epic poet could draw. There does remain question as to how much to attrbute to the individual poet as Homeric tradition or just as bardic tradition in general thus does it constitute Homeric narrative. M. Meillet wrote that ‘Homeric epic is entirely composed of formulae handed down from poet to poet. An examination of any passage will quickly reveal that it is made up of lines and fragments of lines which are reproduced word for word in one or several other passages’4 Two fold purpose of formulaic composition allowed expression of ideas in a suitable manner, and of attenuating the difficulties of versification. Example of Traditional epithet as repetition (list no. of places) meant when context required it, and when the sense allowed it, bard could make any combination of these expressions creating both a correct line and a complete sentence. Numerous examples of an expression regularly used under the same metrical conditions, to express an essential idea about a charafcter important when considering the authors intehntion of allowing the audience some hint of chracter. A proper noun with the help of some epithetic word creates a formula which exactly fills that portion of the line which extends from the feminine caesura to the end. This is called noun epithet formula as it is of a given metrical value and is made up of particular parts of speech. They indirectly attempt to identify certain characteristics or manners with each hero and distinguish him from others without stone character that is not individual to listeners opinion. Repetition through Stock scenes is also present not metrically identical yet structurally identical for example 1. 102 and 14.? Prime examples of Hospitality stock scene. (GO INTO SPECIFICS). In relation to the oral tradition it allowed the bards to convey the long tale in a consistent way without needing to stretch amzing memory even further, it als highlights or makes more apparent characters who don’t adhere to the rules of hospitality characterizing them in a negative way as Homer intended. The solidity of narrative created by repetition of type scenes important adds a acertain kind of skeleton structure to the poem. Direct speech comprises 45 % of the Odyssey and is therefore an important feature of Homeric narrative. It conveys a violence of emotion that is both dramatic and allows the characters themselves to develop the plot or reveal their own personalities. Plato said of Homers use of dialogue that it has a unique life of its own5 . Two kinds of direct speech; either public or private. Private speech (EG) sees characters talk amongst themselves and evoke spontaneous emotion that further characterizes. Similarly public speeches sees leaders put forward opinions in council or agora same role except it normally displays qualities of leadership or arrogance. Personality emerges from â€Å"words endowed with life† for example Odysseus and his man of many wiles persona. Notice the quality and diversity of the speech. The amount of direct speech serves to make silence even more poignant (Book 16 and Odysseus and Penelope 23. 85-96) In example notice gnomes in the last lines of direct speech which sees the wisdom of generations contained in brief statement and phrasing reveals high moral tone. Direct speech also plays an important role in assisting vizualisation of outward appearance, as Homeric narrative rarely describes specific visual characteristics. It generally attempts to build up a mental impression of the people as opposed to detailed visual picture as the ‘beautiful is never described’6 except for Thersites in Illiad when the poet delights in his uglification (II . 216)and that is the beauty of roots in oral tradition. Open ended characters and Odysseus’ is different to everyone whether you admire his wit and slyness or feel him distrustful. The Artistic detail revealed through speech as the â€Å"poet endows his heroic characters with the knowledge which he himself possesses† EMBEDDED FOCALIZATIONSimilarly often through direct speech main features are marked in advance by forecast or prophecy (1. 16)(4. 767)central actions like the death of the suitors is forecast more than once, each one emphasising more and more the tragic and sinister character of what is to come, it also increases tension of some main events and glues the long story together with consistency. Thirty nine Similes (metaphor extended and simplified) make the text vivid and the extended epic simile is a peculiar feature of Homeric epic. Favours a full legth simile extending to six or seven lines begins by describing scene or an action suggested by what happens in the narrative, then develops little picture illustrating emotion. Often begins normally describing scene suggested by main action but eventuall loses contact with that it was trying to illustrate (5. 51-3). Nothing extra illuminated by excess yet continuation adds fresh elements to storyThey can be used to suggest the external appearance and psychology of the hero (EG LION ODYSSEUS). They particularly introduce aspects of everyday life in to the the heroic world, roots of epic, making oral appreciation better as listeners ould have been able to relate to simile whilst also seeing the epic in context of heroism in comparison Familiar world of everyday life. These comparisonsnhave a roots in tradition yet clearly reflect â€Å"Homers own passionate interest in the world and desire to use it as a counterweight to heroic tale† heightens tension between the story and the simile (12. 51)(9. 383). Many similes appeal to the senses (Oral tradition) to make them more poignant and vivid, great poetry centered around human factor that characterize individuals and types or the essence of a relationship(! )(16. 216-19). Lricism of Homeric simile astounding relating diverse : seasons, storms, wildlife it also adds significance. Could be used to support a theme in the poem for example Nausikaaa compared to Artemis at 8. 521 and Odysseus to a mountain Lion at 6. 128. It was suggested by Shipp 1953 in a linguistic study that similes were froma later stage of epic tradition due to double similes and irrelevant elaboration that appears unnecessary, but these further accentuete points and add to poignancy. They make an action more vivid and and imaginable whereas a psychological state is hard to convey it is easier using simile. It throws a distinguishing light on that which coud become monotonous. It allows poet to say that which cannot be said in a direct statement. Notice how Homer avoids negative simile and accumulation of short similes round a single point; suggesting use of similes is very deliberate and purposeful. Folk tale motifs first made apparent by Ludwig Radermacher in 1915 in â€Å"Die Erzahlungen der Odysee†. Evident that there are certain stories underlying the Homeric poems, although not possible to separate them all as individual texts. Simple â€Å"genuine fairy tales† shown by J. Tolstoi in Philologus 1934 ten motifs from Russian tales as components of a modern story all occur in the Odyssey. Story of the web unmistakable characteristic of folk tale based upon motif that day is at hand to re marry Term draws near and crisis is about to arise. When Telemachos has a beard†¦.. beginning of fairy tale Homer actually made this peculiarly his own. Orientalization Gilgamesh etc. Make mention. Departure to distant land and instructions left behind in particular coming of age myth. (Deer as Pagan myth). Bow scehem of story easily recognizable as a folktale motif: the old weapon of the missing hero will prove who of the competitors is his equal, but that is nobody except himself. Points to revelation, culmination in suitors sudden realization of King and Queen there. Structure of Homeric narrative is complex, yet orderly. Ring composition is a form of repitition used to signal the end of a section by echoing its beginning. It is frequent in digressions, including similes and also in speeches. Ranges from simple examples 1. 252-69 where begins with â€Å"If only he were to come now†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ the man he was when I first saw him†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ if only Odysseus, the man he was then, could meet these suitors! â€Å". More complex examples include the beginning of the wanderings being signalled by a â€Å"TWO DAY STORM† and ending with a two day storm8 in between enclosing two sequences of five episodes each on either side of the underworld . Probably through oral tradition allows easilt memeorable as a pattern to stick to. Oral tadition Homer must omit â€Å"much that a literate poet might think necessary and that he employs certain devices to make his narrative easy to follow†. Homer has a basic consideration for hearers great influence on narrative technique. The rhapsodes success is judged by the course of recitation thus primarily want to keep hold of readers attention . Homer wants to coax the listener into a state of â€Å"relaxed receptivity† thus developed directness, simplicity and fullness in its narrative and has a dramatic manner of incidents. This characterizes dialogue and whole structures of Odysseus and Illiad. The skill as a story teller comes through Odyyseeys development mid book not the outcome of the story his eluding charm etc. Homer concern with hearer eveident in his tendency to repeat incidents, motifs and themes and in part for stock phrases, this all protects the rhapsode from slowing down and assists a listeners memory without effort of their part. Milmann Parry â€Å"that inattention was the normal compliment paid by an audience to a recurrent epithet†9 . Depite vagueness Homeric narrative â€Å"provides the most elaborate and convincing representations of individual psychology to be found in classical literature† How to cite Describe and illustrate what you consider to be the key features of Homers narrative technique, Essays

Animal Farm free essay sample

Discuss the seven commandments in Animal Farm. How do they change and why? In the dystopian novel, Animal Farm, the animals start a rebellion and create seven commandments that they all have to follow. Old Major, the prize winning boar, created these commandments and discussed them to the animals in his farewell speech. After the animals led the rebellion and took control of the farm, they painted the Seven Commandments up on a wall for all animals to see and read. The Seven Commandments changed later on in the novel, to suit the needs of the selfish pigs. The original Seven Commandments were: 1. Whatever goes upon two legs is an enemy. (Four legs good, two legs bad) 2. Whatever goes upon four legs, or has wings, is a friend. 3. No animal shall wear clothes. 4. No animal shall sleep in a bed. 5. No animal shall drink alcohol. 6. No animal shall kill any other animal. Following after this speech, a revolt occurred among the animals against the farm owner, leading to their triumph as the new owners of Manor Farm, which they aptly changed later to Animal Farm. After Old Majors death, the issue of Animal Farm leadership cropped up, and Napoleon and Snowball took it upon themselves to assume the position as new Animal Farm leaders, since pigs are treated as the most intelligent animals in their farm. Napoleon and Snowball began arguing over policies and ideas for the animal farm, and in these conflicts, certain atrocities done to the animal members of the farm began happening, although most of the animals disregarded or ignored those inequalities, all for the sake of having Animal Farm, and for Farmer Jones (the owner of Manor Farm) not to return to the farm again. What follows next in the novel are parallelisms of the life of the working class and ruling class in a society, and how these stratification in the animal society was resolved or ended .

Growing Up Too Much, Too Soon Essay Example For Students

Growing Up Too Much, Too Soon Essay I wish I hadnt grown up so fast. Its just too much, too sudden. I feels as if it was only yesterday that I had no worries. I could look back and have little, to no regrets. I didnt feel as if I had to please someone, to coexist with them. Life now is full of responsibilities. Grades. Friends. Parents. Being a teenager in general. When I was little, the future was so far away. I didnt spend very long thinking about who and what I wanted to be. I can think about that later, was the mantra running in my head. Now, everything is very close. I didnt even realize the journey Ive been through, It was just the way it was. The world I once knew has lost its innocence. It has gotten cynical. More cynical than my parents can remember. My eyes have opened. As soon as I grew up, it wasnt the same. All the people around me is chasing popularity over real friends. True friends are harder to find. Theyre hidden behind the cautiousness of all teenagers. What to say, think and who to talk to. How can you know for sure, that someone is not going to like what you said and then start a rumor? Who will want to betray you? When you are a teenager there will be times when youll be surrounded by hundreds of fake friends, they will talk behind your back, they will lie to your face, and they will not truly like you. Not for whom you really are. There might even be times when you wont have any friends at all, but thats just a step you have to overcome to figure out who will be the ones you are going to grow old with. The ones you can still laugh at the crazy stuff you did together. Maybe you will find them later in your life. Its never too late to make true friends. However, it still hurts to have no one, even if only for a short while. Growing up hurts, its full of nostalgia. I remember the old cartoons I used to laugh my butt off at, the times when I lay in bed, listening to a bedtime story. Having that pure untouched mind. The hardest decision was what ice cream flavor I wanted or what toy to play. Why do some people want to run away from their childhood? The silliness and the goofiness. What happened to having a good time playing outside with your friends? They want to grow up. They want to get out of school as soon as possible; they want to go away to college, to be away from their parents. A new apartment, a new city. Yes, you can do whatever you want now. Yes, its your own place, but its not home. Its doesnt have that warm feeling. You may say that you are glad to be away from you annoying parents. One day they will be gone. You are getting older and so are they. Youll get homesick every now and then. Moms old cooking, your fathers bad jokes. Once you grow up, its gone. If I had a remote control for life, I would scroll back to the good times, fast-forward the sad, re-live the awesome, and pause the moments that are slipping through my fingers. But time waits for no one. That is why we have memories. Sure, some may not be as happy as others may, but they are proof that you lived, you had good times, you cried, and youre human. Some memories are with us forever. To teach us. To remind us. To show us, that growing up, is a part of life. You are born, you grow up, and you die. That is how it has always been and that is how it will always be.

This section describes the res... free essay sample

This section describes the research methodology. The purpose of a research design is to obtain valid answers to a research question. This was achieved by using a non-experimental, qualitative approach.3. 1 Data collection method For the purposes of this research, interviews and on-site observation were used to identify participants opinions regarding this subject matter. The main advantage of personal interviews is that they involve personal and direct contact between interviewers and interviewees, as well as eliminate non-response rates, (Fisher, 2005, Wilson, 2003). 3.2 Research Limitations As it is for every study, this dissertation had the following limitations: 1. The size of the sample was relatively small 6 participants. A bigger sample would probably enhance the reliability of the research 2. Qualitative research is not allowing the measurement of the examined problems 3. 3 Research Findings and DiscussionsIn this study, the use of RAD methodology, techniques and related work were reviewed and analyzed. From the information gathered, using RAD methodology to develop software requires minimum planning due to the use of prototypes. We will write a custom essay sample on This section describes the res or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It consumes lesser time and produces quality software but it is only suitable for small to medium sized projects. When RAD methodology is used for complex or large projects, it cannot give required results and quality of system is compromised, since the possibility of the requirement of a complex project changing is very high. RAD is considered a cost effective approach, but on the other hand security issues have been observed when existing components are reused. So, security is an issue to tackle in RAD since one cannot compromise on security. RAD facilitates rapid software development and timely delivery of finished product. Since RAD does not have rigid processes, some implications were found during the literature survey. Some of these implications are, conflicts in responsibilities and roles among the team members, developers have power to take technology driven decision which may be in conflict with the management, and developers deal directly with users so ineffective communication problem occurs because developers often use professional terms which are difficult to understand by a layman. Developers play the key role in implementing RAD techniques and their decision cannot be changed by other team members. Rapid delivery is the main point in RAD so it is normally the main functionalities that are captured. Due to end-user involvement in the development, there may practically be very minimal omission or error during the development. In RAD, even during implementation, change is continuous according to users requirement. 4. 0 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION4.1 SUMMARY Rapid Application Development is a term coined by James Martin in his book of the same name. It is a system development methodology designed to counter the rigidity of the other structured methodologies. RAD is flexible to changing user requirements and is adapted to accept new inputs, features and functions at every stage of the development. The methodology involves incremental iterations to meet the users need. A RAD project is normally compartmentalized into modules. Each module is individually developed, before being assembled into a single working system. The use of prototyping gives the user something to see, use and review before the final product is developed.RAD is a methodology to use when there is need to create a system that has small scope, is modular in nature, and there is availability of small, experienced and motivated project team. End user, strong management support, and adequate development tools are also necessary for a successful and development of a RAD project. RAD is difficult to implement when the number of team members are large as this always slows down the development process, moreover there are wide range of development tools available for speedy development, hence the need for a smaller team members.RAD is based on a few basic principles: (1) joint design teams with trained and motivated participants from both the development and functional user organiza- tions, (2) integrated computer-aided software engineering (I-CASE) tools to cap- ture requirements and design information and reuse it for software develop ment purposes, and (3) an iterative process for demonstrating the software to users as it is developed, using the immediate feedback to converge on useful solutions and minimize undesired surprises.4.2 CONCLUSIONIn this research, efforts have been made to describe the use of rapid application development in designing, implementing and deploying a computer based information system. It is identified that developing a system in RAD requires the right mix of methodologies, tools, personnel and management. The development cycle in RAD is not rigidly followed, there is always room for addition or withdrawal of functionalities as the user review each prototype that is presented. Timeliness, development of rapid prototypes, and cost effectiveness are noted as the key advantages of using RAD to develop applications. This is due to re-use of existing components, small development team and involvement of the user. RAD is suitable for our developing web applications, e-commerce web sites, inventory systems etc.

5 performance objective Essays - Marketing, Management, Quality

5 performance objective Essays - Marketing, Management, Quality 5 performance objective (2013) what are the generic performance objectives that operations are mostly seen to compete on? Fully explain the performance objectives and the advantage that each may support. What trade-offs may be made in pursuit of a specific competitive advantage. E.g. low cost product/service. Evaluate the extent to which the 5 performance objectives are applicable to a small, independent record shop and chain of large record shop suggesting which objectives might be the most critical to each service. Using the 5 performance objectives to frame your argument, how could a small convenience store/corner shop ever hope to complete with a large supermarket? Using the performance objective, in what areas would the small shop have difficulty in competing. QUALITY: is consistent conformance to customer expectations, all operations regard quality as a particularly important objective. It is a major influence on customer satisfaction or dissatisfaction, it they satisfaction they will likely return. The advantage of good quality is not only effect on external customer but also makes life easier inside the operation as well. First, quality reduces costs, if things are done correctly first time, expenditure is saved on sorting out and correcting mistakes. Second, quality increases dependability, there is fewer problems because poor quality means a more reliable delivery process. For example, Quality in supermarket is products are in good condition, the store is clean and tidy, decoration is appropriate and attractive, staffs are courteous, friendly and helpful. SPEED: is the time delay between customers requesting products or services and them receiving them. Speed is important because of its advantage are externally, speed is an important aspect of customer service and speed reduces inventories by decreasing internal throughput time and reduce risks by delaying the commitment of resources. For example: speed in supermarket is the time taken for the total transaction of going to the supermarket, making the purchases and returning kept to a minimum( giu o muc toi thieu) and the immediate availability of goods. DEPENDABILITY: is doing things in time for customer to receive their goods or services exactly when they are needed, or at least when they were promised. The advantages of dependability are externally, dependability is an important aspect of customer service and internally, dependability within operations increases operational reliability, so saving the time and money that would otherwise be taken up in solving reliability problems and also giving stability to the operation E.G. dependability in supermarket are predictability of opening hours, proportion of goods out of stock kept to a minimum, keeping to reasonable queuing (xep hang) times, constant availability of packing. FLEXIBILITY: is the ability to offer a wide variety of products or services to the customer and to be able to change these products or services quickly. It can provide 4 types of requirement namely product/service flexibility( introduce new product/service), mix flexibility (wide range of goods stocked, mix of product and service), volume flexibility( change output depend on over time), delivery flexibility( change the timing of the delivery of its service/product). of flexibility is the increased ability of operations to do different things for different customers high flexibility lead to produce a high variety of products/services. Some organizations develop flexibility through customizing product/service for each individual customer. They manage to produce in high-volume which reduce the cost is called Mass customization. advantage: flexibility speeds up( tang toc do) response, saves time, maintains dependability e.g. flexibility in supermarket are product/service flexibility-th e introduction of new goods or promotions, mix flexibility-a wide range of goods stocked, volume flexibility-the ability to adjust the number of customers served, delivery flexibility-the ability to obtain out-of-stock items. COST: the companies compete directly on price, cost will clearly be their major operations objective. The lower the cost of producing their goods/services lower price for customer. Externally, low costs allow org to reduce their price to gain higher volumes or increase their profitability on existing volume levels . internally, cost performance is helped by good performance in the other performance objective. E.g: high quality do not waste time or effort to re-do things. High speed reduce level of in-process inventory between processes as well as reducing administrative. Dependable rely on delivery exactly as planned, this eliminates wasteful disruption and allows the other processes to

The Important of Simulations Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Important of Simulations - Assignment Example They only need to be totally within the computer environment to play any game. Another interesting part of simulation is how the whole concept works. It is hard to believe that something good can come out of mimicking. However, this is made to look more serious where one earns that simulation is not about imitation alone (Pidd, 2003). 2-In the case of any decision making type, the makers of the decisions will have to understand, plan, analyse as well as manage the system. These activities are involved in decision making. Typically, the decisions involve real systems comprised of complex methods with highly interdependent components that exhibit vulnerability as well as change over time. With the absence of a model, makers of decisions would make use of various processes for information gathering from a system that is real, process it and finally select an action which creates some change within the system. In general, model based decision making as well as simulation based decision making particularly do offer decision makers a way of investigating the system’s representation, use alternatives to experiment and then predict the proposed changes effects, that are external to the system. The approach does increase the decision space greatly. This means that it allows for the evaluation of many alternatives. The approach is not invasive on the system and allow for the assessment of risk of actions. For a decision maker to directly interact with simulation models effectively, models require to be entrenched in decision support systems, which enable data entering within the model as well as enhance the model’s output presentation (Pidd, 2003). 3-Some highly complex operations that benefit from simulation include transportation of raw material. Trains or truck, which transport finished goods or raw materials are scheduled as well as planned on the simulation basis. The

Sustainability in the Hotel Industry Assignment

Sustainability in the Hotel Industry - Assignment Example The hotel industry forms an integral part of the tourism industry and if it is not managed properly could cause detrimental to the natural and social environment. Thus to reduce the impact, hotels are adopting the â€Å"go green† initiative. Until recently the hotel industry has been unaware of the environmental damage that it posed to the environment due to its operations and services. However the last two decades have bought about tremendous change and created awareness among the public and in the development of â€Å"green consumerism†. Therefore to achieve greater environmental responsibility, hotel industries are implementing the relevant strategies and tools. The hoteliers are aware that it is essential to protect the environment where it does its business and are crucial towards the development and performance of the industry. According to reports by Bohdanowicz et al. there exist a huge number of examples which shows the development of pro-ecological initiatives .1 With continuous growth in environmental degradation, society has become aware of the needs for adopting more effective measure towards protection of the environment. Sustainable development has therefore become vital priority as well challenge in the competitive environment. The sustainability issue should be addressed at all the levels ranging from the policy makers, industry, academia, and the general public and other stakeholders. The global tourism industry is expected to grow at a rate of 2.8% in 2012 and will represent 9% of the global GDP. The hotel and tourism industry is expected to contribute about $10 trillion to the growth of global economy by 2022 and generate... To conclude it can be said that Holiday Inn has implemented the going green strategies and has performed well in implementing the practices and this is evident as the hotel is a certified green lodging hotel and has also received awards for environmental sustainability. Holiday inn has taken into consideration the recycling process and conservation of consumption and waste. However, it is still important to keep inventing the going green process and sustain in the industry and achieve a competitive advantage. Some of the recommendation includes as follows,   Installation of the green roof will help to mitigate the effect of heat island and also helps to reduce the amount of energy to be required to heat or cool the rooms. Apart from providing environmental benefits, the green roof of the hotel will serve as a commitment of commitment towards sustainability and will provide the guest with a connection with nature. Secondly, the hotel can provide environmentally friendly transportati on for the guest. The transportation will provide fuel efficient and environmentally friendly environment to travel to the desired place by the guest. The low emission and eco-friendly bus would reduce vehicle emission, lighter traffic and a convenient way to travel for the guests. Thirdly, the hotel can install high-efficiency plumbing fixtures along with water reduction by implementing much more efficient fixtures, appliances and water landscaping outside the hotels to preserve water and reuse it.