Competency Managing Stress And Stress Management

Entry #1 Competency: Managing Stress Developmental Need: I need to improve on my ability to manage my stress. Often, I find myself feeling anxious about working with others, especially within group projects where I am not familiar with the work style of my teammates. As such, encounter stressors negatively affect my ability to focus on the task at hand. For example, I grew increasingly worried about the cohesiveness of my group because we needed to collect materials, figure out times to meet and film the project. When stressed, I tend to act moody around others and panic over the amount of work I have rather than managing my time effectively, which negatively affects my ability to work with others and accomplish tasks. Course Material: After reviewing the stress cycle and stress management practices, I chose to implement the stressor-directed primary prevention technique. Further reflection on the situation helped me understand that my main time stressor is work overload. Application: In order to manage my stress levels, I implemented both emotional and task-focused coping. To start, I used constructive self-talk and trained myself using the capacities of psychological capital. I specifically focused on confidence, despite knowing I am capable of being an effective and useful group member in group projects, I often worry about other team members’ competencies. I used mastery/success experiences to think about the times I have been in groups where we were successful in ourShow MoreRelatedArticle Line Management Competence : The Key For Preventing And Reducing Stress At Work960 Words   |  4 PagesLewis, 2008), the article Line management competence: The key to preventing and reducing stress at work. Strategic HR Review, 7(2) states, â€Å"In the UK, Health and Safety Executive (HSE), was concerned about their employees. The company according†, (Donaldson et al., 2008), believed that work-related issues was due to stress. 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Although it may seem like this movie was a comically based office story, it tells a deeper story about one, Peter Giffins and his environment in the work place as he goes to work every dayRead MoreThe Importance Of Supervising A Supervisory Position1671 Words   |  7 Pagesmore well-rounded supervisor in the future. Managing While I am not currently in a role in which I manage others, I could see myself in a management role in the future. I learned quite a few of the skills listed under the managing domain when I was with my previous organization. However, I feel like a few of the skills have to be learned again due to different business practices. In looking at the list of competencies and thinking of the competencies that those in leadership positions exhibit inRead MoreAn Assessment Of Competencies Of Team Leaders9717 Words   |  39 Pagesâ€Å"An assessment of the competencies of Team Leaders in managing work-related stress in the workplace† By Jerrod Jarvis A Research paper presented to the Department of Occupational Safety and Health Cipriani College of Labour and Co-operative Studies In partial fulfilment of the Bachelor Degree in Occupational Safety, Health and the Environment Churchill-Roosevelt Highway Valsayn Republic of Trinidad and Tobago June 2015 ‘Except where stated otherwise this report is based entirely on the author’sRead MoreDiscrimination and Mission Statement Essay654 Words   |  3 PagesInventory shrinkages and accidents pertain to which component of direct   costs associated with mismanaged organizational stress?    3) Which of the following is an example of an indirect cost associated with   mismanaged organizational stress?   4) Distrust, disrespect, and animosity pertain to which component of indirect   costs associated with mismanaged organizational stress?    5) Title VII is most relevant to the employment context because it __________on   the basis of race, color, religion

What the In-Crowd Wont Tell You About English Short Essay Topics

What the In-Crowd Won't Tell You About English Short Essay Topics Now you have a notion about what a proposal essay is and the way to pick the correct topic to compose your own essay, below are some examples of proposal essay topics. Try to remember, proposal essays serve a purpose outside academia. When you compose the essay, you will have to choose a single side to concentrate on. In other words, a proposal essay identifies an issue and suggests a remedy to that issue. Use transition words to get your text coherent and simple to read. Be mindful of the size it must be and begin writing the narrative essay outline. To structure an essay, you have to simply follow the aforementioned format. Firstly, you have to be aware of the right format of essay writing. When prior brainstorming is finished, you might begin drafting your essay. As tempting as it might appear to skip past the extra info and go right to the list of persuasive essay topics, don't do it. The multiple topics could be found, for instance, in the dissertation abstracts international database. There are broadly four kinds of essays. Short essays are still spend the type of formal essay because the parts will need to get included in it. Formal essays are usually academic in nature and tackle significant topics. Because proposal essays are a form of argumentative essay, you wish to be certain the essay is worthy of an argument. Finding the most suitable arguments will allow you to prove your point and win. There are a couple of explanations for the immense expansion in words. A fantastic persuasive topic also needs to be interesting, relevant and ought to deal with contemporary troubles. An excellent persuasive speech topic ought to be specific and focused. The Essay Topics list is provided for English along with Hindi section. Deciding on your topic isn't that easy. Essays are extremely personalized. They are like stories, only that they are a bit formal. There are certain kinds of essays we've given as samples to help students acquaint themselves and learn to compose various samples. By doing this it is possible to easily finish the descriptive paper. Well, grading papers can be very dull. Whatever it is that you want to focus on polishing on, then you'll find available English study materials. A wide selection of globalization essay is provided above to help students getting education in many classes. Proposal essays are typical in company and science classes and professions, but are also practical for a range of unique disciplines. You need to understand how to compose an effective essay as it is a typical foundation for a student's grade. If you are searching for assistance with your essay then we provide a comprehensive writing service given by fully qualified academics in your area of study. The simplest way to find out the sort of an essay is to realize the writer's point of view. Hopefully, you could find a couple of tips that you believe can help you improve your essay writing abilities. You may continue to keep your argumentative essays for your upcoming job portfolio in case they're highly graded. Additionally, by arguing for the other side of your opinion, you are going to learn which points you want to better address in your essay. Moreover, our English-speaking writers make sure every order has original content and a suitable structure. To compose an impressive short essay, especially during an examination, you should be in a position to hit the question and supply a straightforward answer while at the identical time observing the most suitable structure of an essay. So, it's a significant foundation for assorted epic stories! For example, you may be writing an essay arguing that individuals should drink less coffee. Some individuals have short attention span so that you want to have the writing skills to get your point with merely a few words. Opt for a distinctive topic that others may not think of, and whatever you select, make sure that you know a lot about it! If you wish to write in another language, you have to practice in creative ways each day.

Down Syndrome free essay sample

Peer Partner Final Project Down syndrome is a chromosomal condition in which an individual possesses extra genetic material, specifically an extra complete or partial duplicate of chromosome 21 in some or all of an individuals cells. This results in several hallmark characteristics and acute cognitive affects. Some of the physical traits associated with the syndrome are a small body, especially head and ears, hypotonia, hands that are broad and short, epicanthal folds, abnormalities of the ear, and nasal bridges that are flat in shape. There are also several orofacial characteristics such as a protruding tongue that occurs as a secondary characteristic to having a small and narrow palate (Saenz). These are just some of the physical characteristics commonly seen in the chromosomal condition, but the actual presentation of physical characteristics is highly individualized. Down Syndrome is the most common chromosomal condition, affecting one in every 691 babies born in the United States and over 400,000 individuals live with the chromosomal condition in the United States (â€Å"Ear, Nose and Throat and Down Syndrome†, Fogle 281). There is a slightly higher incidence of Down Syndrome in boys than girls. Infants are often diagnosed at birth by the occurrence of physical characteristics, but the actual expression of Down Syndrome varies considerably, and the diagnosis may be delayed if too much importance is put on only the typical physical characteristics. The diagnosis will be later confirmed through the use of â€Å"genetic karyotyping†, which determines the number of chromosomes present in the bodys eukaryotic cells (Saenz 381). The first physical characteristic of the chromosomal condition that is noticeable is often the presentation of hypotonia, the prescence of which should inspire concern and spur subsequent and swift assessment. Down Syndrome is, in most cases, not an inherited condition. Down Syndrome may be caused by Trisomy 21, which refers to the condition of having a an extra copy of chromosone 21, meaning three copies, instead of two, in each cell. In these cases, the â€Å"chromosomal abnormality occurs as a random event during the formation of reproductive cells† (Down Syndrome†). This occurrence is possible in either egg cells or sperm cells, but it is most likely to occur in egg cells, and it is the occurrence of nondisjunction, a mistake in the division of a cell, that causes a reproductive cell to contain an odd number of chromosomes (â€Å"Down Syndrome†). Likewise, Mosaic Down Syndrome is not an inherited condition. It happens in the early development stages of a fetus as a random occurrence in cell division, resulting in some cells having the normal duo of chromosome 21 copies, while some cells have three copies. In the third case, Translocation Down Syndrome, the condition may be inherited. A balanced translocation refers to the genetic material in between chromosome 21 and a different chromosome being in a different arrangement than normal that is called a â€Å"balanced translocation because there is no extra material from chromosome 21† (â€Å"Down Syndrome†). The carriers of this balanced translocation do not display signs of Down Syndrome, but they have a higher risk of giving birth to children with the chromosomal condition. The syndromes severity ranges from the mild to moderate ranges; however, the one consistently present trait in children with Down Syndrome is mental retardation, and the syndrome is responsible for one percent of all cognitive mental retardation (Fogle 281). Despite these impairments many individuals are characterized as being generally pleasant, affectionate and happy people. While Down Syndrome individuals had a life expectancy of about 25 years in 1883, the life expectancy today is about 60 (â€Å"Down Syndrome Fact Sheet – National Down Syndrome Society†). In respect to their receptive language, children diagnosed with Down Syndrome often have language comprehension that is about the same as their mental age. Note, that this is often different from their chronological age. As a general rule, their aptitude for language comprehension is greater than their aptitude for expressive language, specifically speech. It is important to note that these children frequently exhibit comparatively good development of language in their infancy and toddler stages, this is particularly true when the children are enrolled in early-intervention After this period of time, however, in the first school years the rate of language development noticeably slows down. In terms of general diagnostic testing, it is recommended by The American Academy of Pediatrics and the Down Syndrome Medical Interest Group that babies diagnosed with Down Syndrome should have audiologic testing directly after the are born and then again every six months until the child is three, or until they can sit for an audiogram with ear specific testing. After this point, there should be an annual hearing test, and even if there is only a mild hearing loss, hearing aids should be considered. This is because a mild hearing loss in a child is more severe that it would be in an adult because of the development of the childs intellectual, emotional and language based skills (â€Å"Ear, Nose, and Throat and Down Syndrome – National Down Syndrome Society†). The tests should change with their development. Newborns who have been diagnosed with the syndrome receive the mandatory hearing screening and receive objective tests like otoacoustic emissions or auditory brainstem response like other babies. Those who fail the screening should be tested with visual reinforcement audiometry at the devlopmental age (not chronological age) of ten months and conditional play audiometry when they reach the developmental age of two years. Adults should have a hearing assessment conducted every five years, ideally with pure tone audiometry testing and an additional word test (Snashall, Susan). Due to differing craniofacial and orofacial anatomy, tymapnometry will always be a useful test for middle ear fluid. Likewise, an otoscopic exam should be conducted annually to check the accumulation of wax. The buildup of cerumen is so common that pathologies of the middle ear may go unnoticed unless searched for by otoscope. A study by Hassman E. , Skotnicka B. , Midro A. T. , and Musiatowicz M. was conducted in 1998 to examine features of hearing loss in individuals with Down Syndrome through otorhinolaryngological examinations and audiological assessments. The study involved forty seven children and fourteen adults with Down Syndrome. Tests were decided upon by the chronological age of the subjects, their intellectual abilities and the function of their middle ear; â€Å"pure tone play audiometry, tympanometry, acoustic reflex, auditory brainstem response and distortion product otoacoustic emissions† (Hassman E et. Al 199) were the examinations included in the study. The resulting data were compared to control groups of the appropriate age. The results showed that the children with Down Syndrome often exhibited impaired â€Å"conductive function of the middle ear  expressed by pathological tympanometry†(Hassman E et al. 199). More specifically, B and C type tympanometry was found in 56% of the individual ears that were tested. It was also found that distortion product otoacoustic emissions had lower amplitudes in the children diagnosed with Down Syndrome than those found in the control groups. In light of the time component in the development of language in children with Down Syndrome, hearing impairment is a significant problem, especially since hearing  impairment is â€Å"one of the most common disabilities in children with Down Syndrome† (Kattan et al. 931). The ability to hear is essential to a childs ability to develop language and speech and because many children with Down Syndrome have hearing problems early in their lives, hearing loss is a great concern for these individuals. Consequently, children with Down Syndrome who are diagnosed with a hearing impairment are in danger of having learning impairments subsequent to their hearing loss. Therefore the diagnosis and treatment of otological disorders in children is an important topic for the education of speech and language students as well as clinical research. A study by Kattan, Jarrar, and Mahasinin 2000 found that 50% of the 26 children they tested had a conductive hearing loss, 4% had sensoirneural hearing loss, 4% exhibited a sensorineural hearing loss, while 35% had normal hearing (Kattan et al. 931). Though a small study, it supports the general consensus that children with Down Syndrome have a high incidence of persistent conductive hearing loss. This must be aggressively diagnosed and managed because this hearing loss may turn out to be one of the major factors that may cause the spoken communication abilities of Down syndrome children to rate significantly lower than their actual cognitive abilities. The conductive loss often seen in individuals with Down Syndrome can result from several otologic pathologies such as stenotic ear canals, otitis media, glue ear, cerumen impaction, and cholesteatoma (Satwant S. et al. ). Stenotic ear canals refer to an external ear canal, the canal that connects the external ear to the middle ear, that has become unusually narrow. If the ear canal is narrow enough it may cause a hearing loss. The stenotic ear canals can present several practical problems, the canals may become easily clogged, and it may be difficult to correctly diagnose middle ear disease in stenotic ear canals. To be sure of appropriate examination and diagnosis, the canals may require an otolaryngologist to clean the canals before examinations, which should occur every three months to prevent ear infections that may otherwise go undiagnosed and untreated. It should be noted that since ear canals grow with age, the childs canals may widen, and may no longer be a problem after about age three (â€Å"Ear, Nose, and Throat and Down syndrome – National Down Syndrome Society†). The diagnosis for this is aided by a simple macroscopic examination of the canal or a standard otoscopic examination. In terms of treatment, a surgeon may remove extra tissue to widen the canal. Another concern is the actual craniofacial and orofacial anatomy of Down syndrome children which may also lead to chronic ear problems. Certain anatomical characteristics may impede the aeration of the middle ear which can lead to otitis media. The outer ear canal normally cleans itself, moving cerumen away from the tympanic membrane towards the external auditory meatus, but in children with Down syndrome, the canal is abnormally narrow making these processes less efficient and leading to a build up of ear wax. This accumulation of cerumen is made worse by the fact that it may be more copious and harder than normal, and the impacted ear wax may then block the external auditory meatus. There may also be problems with the Eustachian tube which connects the middle ear space to the nasopharynx. Eustachian tube dysfunction may result in otitis media with effusion (glue ear), which can result in a conductive hearing loss. Otitis media with effusion does not resolve on its own in Down syndrome individuals as it does in others due to the shape of the Eustachian tube. In general, the tube may be narrower and more horizontal than normal and the nasopharynx may be small (Snashall, Susan). Also, children with Down syndrome may have hypotonia, also known as low muscle tone, which may cause difficulties in opening and closing the tube. This can cause an accumulation of negative air pressure in the middle ear space which may result in retention of fluids and infection (â€Å"Ear, Nose, and Throat and Down Syndrome†). Another concern about Eustachian tube dysfunction is that it will last longer in children with Down syndrome that other children, so an important part of prevention is frequent examinations and consistent monitoring. Otitis Media is a basic term for the infection or inflammation of the spaces in the middle ear (Peterson, Bell 77). Though otitis media is a very common childhood illness, children with Down syndrome are particularly susceptible to ear infection including serous otitis media (thin, watery fluid is present with infection). There are several causes for this; for one, individuals often produce large amounts of mucous. When this is coupled with immunodeficiency in the individual, infection may easily occur. Also due to immunodeficiency, children with Down syndrome have a higher incidence of upper respiratory infections which can predispose chronic (lasting at least six weeks) otitis media. Upper respiratory infections or allergies may result in a swollen Eustachian tube which may entrap bacteria and may result in otitis media. Symptoms of otitis media include ear otalgia, which refers to ear pain, fever, and otorrhea, which refers to discharge of the ear. To diagnose otitis media, an otoscopic examination will often be effective. The doctor will be looking to see a tympanic membrane that is normal in color, pink to gray, and it should be slightly translucent. An inflammed, red or engorged eardrum will point towards infection, as well as a tympanic membrane that bulges outward, retracts inward, or shows signs of perforation. Other options are tympanometry to test the middle ear function and test for fluid. If a child experiences chronic Eustachian tube dysfunction, treatment may include pressure equalization tubes which can eliminate the chronic episodes. These tubes are placed in the eardrum and allow air to enter the middle ear. The downside of the tubes is that they may need to be replaced. For chronic ear infections, anti-biotic medication may also be considered. Glue ear is also called secretory otitis media or otitis media with effusion. Like regular otitis media, it has a high incidence in Down syndrome children. A mucous like fluid secretes and gathers in the middle ear, which should only be filled with air, and covers the ossicles, preventing them from moving normally, which results in reduced hearing levels. While glue ear is common, Down syndrome provides extra complications to this condition. For one, the glue-like substance is stickier which makes it more difficult to wash and prone to infection. Again, anatomy may affect the condition because if the Eustachian tubes are narrower and more horizontal, it will be difficult for the Eustachian tube to let the middle ear drain. Treatment of glue ear is essential because, if left untreated, glue ear may result in irreversible damage to the middle ear, this may be due to the lack of motility of the ossicles. Fortunately, there are three main approaches to treating glue ear: pressure equalization tubes, microsuction, and tonsillectomy, adenoidectomy or both, so there are several options to accommodate individual needs. The procedure to inset pressure equalization tubes is called a myringotomy operation and refers to the small cut made in the tympanic membrane which may also be done as a separate procedure. It is generally performed with the patient under a general anesthetic. If the fluid is very viscous a cut will be made to let air into the middle ear space while the other cut drains the fluid. Pressure equalization tubes go through the tympanic membrane, relieving the often painful pressure of the fluid against the eardrum, and allow for the fluid in the middle ear to drain into the external auditory canal. The tube is held in place by the tension in the tympanic membrane. The pressure equalization tubes will be pushed out of the tympanic membrane after a few months to a year of having them in place, but if they are placed correctly they are extremely effective, allowing the fluid to leave the middle ear space. If an adenoidectomy is to be performed as well, it will probably be during the same surgery. Adenoidectomy removes the adenoids if they are enlarged. Removal may be beneficial because it is behind the adenoids that glue ear may reoccur after pressure equalization tube placement. Another option is microsuction, which involves inserting a needle through the tympanic membrane and using it to draw out the fluid. The upside to this procedure is that the fluid does not end up in the external auditory canal and have to be cleaned, which is especially helpful in children with Down syndrome with narrow canals. The downside of microsuction is that it often requires several procedures. Like glue ear, cerumen impaction is a very common otologic pathology, and it has a high incidence in individuals with Down syndrome. It is a common cause of conductive hearing loss. Ear wax is meant to protect the skin of the canal, especially when it is filled with water. Normally, the wax should move towards the opening of the ear it is easily washed away. As mentioned before, individuals with Down syndrome often have cerumen that is abnormally hard or thick and accumulates quickly in a narrow ear canal and may quickly block the canal with partial or full occlusion. This may result in a reversible conductive hearing loss. In â€Å"a study of 107 children with Down syndrome who were referred to otolaryngologists showed that 39% had stenosis of the external auditory canal frequently complicated by cerumen impaction† (Roland et al. 52). The combination of the accumulation of thick cerumen and auditory canal stenosis can quickly lead to a conductive hearing loss. The symptoms of impacted cerumen are earaches, the sensation of plugged ears, tinnitus, and some hearing loss. To remove the ear wax, oil can be used to soften the cerumen. This may also be done as a preventative measure. Many cases of cerumen impaction may be treated at home, but in cases of auditory canal stenosis, the family may have an otolaryingologist remove the wax. Irrigation of the ear canal may also be effective, but irrigation should never be performed if the tympanic membrane may be perforated as this could lead to acoustic trauma or otitis media. Cholesteatoma are benign ear cysts, and, specifically, they are accumulations of squamous epithelium and karatin material that usually accumulate around the middle ear and mastoid and form a â€Å"progressively enlarging and destructive cystic lesion† (Issacson 604). The cholesteatoma may continue to enlarge to the point where it will destroy bone. If untreated, lesions may break through the temporal bone and apply pressure to the brain, which may result in infection that may, in turn, lead to intercranial abscesses. Individuals with Down syndrome are more at risk for developing cholesteatoma because they may have some of the conditions that put individuals at risk for developing the cysts such as â€Å"middle ear diseases, eustachian tube dysfunction, prior otological surgery, traumatic blast injury to ear, and congenital anomalies† (â€Å"Cholesteatoma†). If an individual complains of otorrhea (discharge from the ear) or hearing loss, an otolaryngologist should realize that cholesteatoma might be present (Bacciu et al. ). Cholesteatomas may cause irreversible hearing loss but fortunately, most incidences may be cured through surgery. The surgerys outcome depends on the size of the cholesteaoma when it is diagnosed. For children, it is important that lesions in the tympanic membrane are diagnosed by a pediatrician and that the child is then referred to an otolaryngologist. The cholesteatoma will be first noticeable as a round cyst, white in color, that can be seen behind the tympanic membrane, which is still in tact. If the cholesteatoma goes unnoticed, it will grow and the middle ear space will have a large white mass that bulges outward. A cholestatoma may be congenital or acquired. As they enlarge, the normal variegated appearance of the middle-ear space disappears, replaced by a bulging white mass. In the early stages of the cholesteatoma, it is unusual for the tympanic membrane to be perforated and for drainage to occur. These incidents most often come months or years after the onset of hearing loss which helps emphasize the importance of early detection (Issacson 607). A 2005 study by Bacciu, Pasanisi, Vincent, et al. , was conducted to â€Å"document the surgical treatment of cholesteatoma in subjects with Down syndrome† (Bacciu et al. 1007). This study exemplified some of the methods used to treat cholesteatoma as well as the challenges inherent in the treatment of this otologic pathology for Down syndrome individuals. They followed nine pediatric patients that were being surgically treated, and two of the patients had cholesteatoma in both ears (bilateral), which brought the total of ears being treated to 11. Two of the ears underwent a canal-wall-up mastoidectomy, while eight ears underwent a canal-wall-down mastoidectomy. Mastoidectomy refers to the removal of an infected section of the mastoid bone. One ear underwent a modified Bondy procedure, a modification of the mastoidectomy which entails exteriorizing the mastoid cavity leaving the pars tensa and ossicles intact. The outcome of this study was that one of the ears that underwent the canal-wall-up mastoidectomy was found to have reamaining cholesteatoma present. Another ear, after the same procedure, developed recurrent cholesteatoma which necessitates a change to a canal-wall-down mastoidectomy. Another patients neotympanic membrane became perforated and had to be repaired. This study demonstrated that cholesteatoma can be difficult to completely eradicate in a patient with Down syndrome, and an emphasis should always be put on early diagnosis and prevention especially in light of the challenges presented by the orofacial and craniofacial anatomy of children with Down syndrome. Despite the fact that conductive hearing loss is more prevalent than sensorineural hearing loss in individuals with Down syndrome, they are more likely to more likely to â€Å"have congenital permanent inner ear hearing loss than the general population (which has an incidence of 1:1000)† (Snashall, Susan). One of the reasons this happens is because the Cochlear hair cells may be absent. If the hair cells are present, they may still be subject to early degeneration. Once they reach their teenage years and after, they have a good chance of cochlear degeneration occurring. Hearing aids are often looked at as a viable option for even mild loses and amplification plays an important role in treating hearing loss in children with Down syndrome because it is probable that even a mild loss will have a strong impact on the development of their language. This is a severe concern, so hearing aids are also often recommended for conductive hearing loses that may last for over a few months. Hearing aids are also used with Down syndrome adult individuals who are living with early onset dementia because the loss may significantly affect their cognition skills. There are special considerations to take into account when Down syndrome individuals are to receive hearing aids because their ears tend to be smaller. It may also be that hearing aids are not appropriate for a child and a classroom FM system may be implemented instead. For cases of sensorineural hearing loss, recruitment is nearly always concomitant with the loss. Recruitment refers to the perception that the level of sound drastically increases for specific frequencies and becomes too loud too quickly and causes pain. It follows, then, that recruitment may lead to sound intolerance. This concern will be reflected in the prescription for the amplification devices. Down syndrome is the most commonly occurring chromosomal condition, and research into improving the quality of life for people with Down syndrome is, of course, incredibly important. It may be easy to underestimate the impact that a hearing loss may have on an individuals quality of life, especially in children when even a mild loss can be devastating to their speech and language development, but hearing is a critical skill for communication which is an integral part of a good quality of life. Thus, the treatment of otologic pathologies and hearing loss in Down syndrome is of the greatest concern to giving individuals with Down syndrome the quality of life they deserve.

The Role of Service Industry in the Economic Development of Bangladesh free essay sample

E-mail: [emailprotected] com 3. Assistant Professor, Faculty of Business Administration, BGC Trust University Bangladesh * E-mail of the corresponding author: [emailprotected] com Abstract The Economy of Bangladesh is classified into three sectors. Of these, the average contribution of service sector, industry sector, agriculture sector to the GDP are 49. 33%, 28. 42% and 22. 42% respectively. So, the service sectors contribute most of the development of national economy. The research aims are to analyze the comparative contribution of service sector with other sectors, the impact of trade liberalization of service sector and to provide the recommendations for development of service sector. It is taken a sample of ten years data of GDP from 2000-01 to 2009-10 for analyzing the comparison of service sector with other sectors (industry and agriculture). The average growth rates between service sectors and industry sectors or agriculture sector or total GDP are analyzed with‘t’ test. The average growth rate of service sector, inudsty sector, and agriculture sector are 6. We will write a custom essay sample on The Role of Service Industry in the Economic Development of Bangladesh or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 17%, 7. 49%, 3. 21% respectively. The growth of service sector is more than the agriculture sector but less than the industry sector (result of‘t’ test). The paper also reveals that total trade deficit of service is increasing over the year. The average employment of Agriculture, Industry, Service to total employment are 58. 89%, 12. 39% and 25. 36% respectively. The paper emphasizes for the development of Tourism sector, Software, Transportation and Financial srvice, Education with quality, etc. Keywords: GDP, Service, Agriculture, Industry 1. Introduction The Economy of Bangladesh is growing one. It is basically divided into three basic sectors viz. Service, Agriculture and Industry. Among the Economic Sectors in Bangladesh, Service sector is most important. The contribution of service sector to the GDP is about 50% (Bangladesh Economic Review-2010). So, Service sectors influence the development of national economy. There is a latent demand for services in Bangladesh. To specify the need of services for huge population of Bangladesh, such sectors are to be opened for private entrepreneurs with required control. The enormous contribution of service sector and an increasing trend therein have played an important role in high growth of GDP. The analysis of last few years’ data gives a clear idea on the phenomenon. The contribution of the industry sector to the economy of Bangladesh has been increasing day by day. For the purpose of national income accounting, Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS) divides the economy into fifteen sectors (Bangladesh Economic Review-2010, Ministry of Finance). 2. Problem statement From the growth of overall size of Economy, it is difficult to identify the significance of specific sector. Proper nurturing of significantly contributory sector, the growth of Economy may be resisted. Previously there was no difference between Services and Products. Service concept is the modern issue in the world. The most of the business is related to services. Even the product itself provides the service to the customers. So the services are the vital issue now. The economic sectors classified by Bangladesh Government are Hotel and Restaurant, Retail trade and Wholesale trade, Transportation and Communication, Real state and Renting, Financial Institution, Public Administration and Defense, Education, Health and Social Services, Community and Personal Services are included under Service Sectors. So they occupy a major share of total economics sectors. As a result, importance of service is significant. For Economic development we always think regarding industry and agriculture sectors rather service sectors. But major sector in the economy is service sector. In the modern world, service is required in every phase of life. People expect better service. Our public sectors 178 Research Journal of Finance and Accounting ISSN 2222-1697 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2847 (Online) Vol 3, No 5, 2012 www. iiste. org including public enterprises are largest sectors in the economy. But these sectors are losing concern. The public sector is unable to provide competitive service. So, people go to private sectors such as financial institutions, transportation, hospitals, educational institutions, and communication media for better service. But the growth rate of service sectors is either below expected level or not as per its importance in the economy. From this research the problems of service sectors are identified. For increasing the living standard of the people the service concept has come to lime light. Service marketing and service management will get the importance to develop the service sectors in Bangladesh. The research aims are to analyze the comparative contribution of service sector with other sectors, the impact of trade liberalization of service sector and to provide the recommendations for development of service sector. 3. Objectives of the Study Some specific objectives are set for this research. The principal objective of this study is to evaluate the comparative position of service sector. To accomplish this basic objective, following specific objectives are set: i. To conduct the comparative analysis of service sector with Agriculture and Industry sectors. ii.. To analyze the impact of Liberalization on Service sectors iii. To provide the recommendations for development of Service sector. 4. Methodology This research has used mostly secondary data have been used for analysis. Data have been collected from Bangladesh Economic Survey, Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Bangladesh Bank, World Bank, and Internet web sites, Books, Newspapers, Magazines and Journals. We have used required data for ten years from 2000-01 to 2009-10 for analyzing the contribution of economic sectors, growth rate of each sectors viz. service, industry and agriculture. Data of service export and import from 2004-05 to 2009-10 (five years) and the data of employment contribution for 9 years have been explained. 4. 1 Analysis of data: The data have been analyzed using graph, chart and some other simple statistical tools. The growth rate of service sectors (trend) is shown by graphical presentation. The total contribution of service sectors and sector wise share of major sectors are shown graphically. The average growth rates between service sectors and industry sectors or agriculture sector or total GDP have been compared by student’s‘t’ test. 4. 2 Hypothesis test 4. 2. H 0 : Â µ1 = Â µ 2 (There is no significant difference between the growth rate of service sectors and industry sectors. ) 4. 2. 2 H 0 : Â µ1 = Â µ 2 (There is no significant difference between the growth rate of service sectors and agriculture sectors) 4. 2. 3. H 0 : Â µ1 = Â µ 2 (There is no significant difference between the growth rate of service sectors a nd the growth rate of total GDP) 5. Analysis and Results 5. 1. The Contribution of Service Sector Off all the sectors, service sector is prominent one. Service sector has the growing potential to be driver of sustainable economic growth and significant poverty alleviation in Bangladesh. Service sector in Bangladesh is the largest sector. From the table 2(a), it is observed that the contribution of the service sector is average 49. 33%. It is steady over the period. The contribution of service sectors are 48. 77% in 2000-01 and 49. 90% in 2009-10. Figure-1 demonstrates contribution of different sectors in GDP. The groth rate of srvice sector is steady. The average growth is 6. 17%. The growth rates are 5. 43% ,6. 40%, and 6. 59% in 2001-02, 2005-06, 2009-10 respectively. 5. 2. Growth of Sub-sectors of Service Sector Growth rate of service sector is consistnent and contineous. From the Table 1(b), it is shown that the four sub sectors –(i) Trade (ii) Transport, storage and communication (iii) Realstate renting and other Business activities (iv) Community, social and personal services contribute more in GDP which are 14. 06%, 10. 07%, 7. 98%, 7. 39% 179 Research Journal of Finance and Accounting ISSN 2222-1697 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2847 (Online) Vol 3, No 5, 2012 www. iiste. org respectively. But The growth rate is more for the Education, Banking, Public administration, Transportation which are 8. 42%,8. 13%, 7. 88% ,7. 48% respectively. 5. 3. Comparative Analysis of Service Sector with Agriculture and Industry Sector From the comparative presentation of the sectors, it is found that service sector is sustaiable in terms of growth and contribution to toal GDP. From the Table 2(a), 2(b) and figure -2, it is shown that the average contribution of service sector, industry and agriculute sectors are 49. 33%, 28. 42%, 22. 25% respectively. So, the service sector is the half of total sector of economy. The growth rate of service sector, inudsty sector,and agriculture secture are 6. 17%, 7. 49%, 3. 21% respectively. Here, from the figure-2, it is seen that the contribution of service sector is steady. The contribution of industry sector is increasing with the reducing trend of agriculture sector. Here, aparently it is seen that the average growth rate of service sector is more the agriculture sectors and the total GDP growth and the average gorwth rate of industry sector is slightly more than the service sector. Now we shall statistically test whether the average growth rate of service sector is more than the agriculture sectors and total GDP growth and whther there is significant difference of growth rate between service sectors and industry sector. . Hypothesis test Since in the given data variances of population are unknown and the sample size is small we have used t-test from the table -6. The result of hypothesis test is in table 3. 6. 1. H 0 : Â µ1 = Â µ 2 (There is no significant difference between the growth rate of service sectors and industry sectors. ) Table 3: Paired Samples Test D etails 95% Paired Std. Std. Confidence Differences Deviation Error Interval of the Mean Mean Difference Lower Upper 1. 1152 . 3717 -2. 1783 -. 4639 t df Sig. (2tailed) Pair 1 Growth rate of Service sector Growth rate of Industry sector -1. 211 Growth rate of Service sector Growth rate of Agriculture sector Growth rate of Service sector Growth rate of Total GDP sector 8 3. 554 .007 Pair 2 2. 7722 1. 2957 . 4319 1. 7763 3. 76826. 419 8 . 4806 . 1602 7. 3847E- . 6650 1. 845 8 02 .000 Pair 3 .2956 .102 Source: Compiled by authors through SPSS The table value is -2. 306 So, the calculated value (-3. 554) is outside the critical region. So, the alternative hypothesis is accepted. There is significant difference between the growth rate of service sector and industry sector. The growth rate of industry is more than that of service sector. 6. 2. H 0 : Â µ1 = Â µ 2 (There is no significant difference between the growth rate of service sectors and agriculture sectors) The table value is 2. 306. The calculated value(6. 1. 77) is outside the critical region. So, the growth of service sector is more than the growth of agriculture sector. 6. 3. H 0 : Â µ1 = Â µ 2 (There is no significant difference between the growth rate of service sectors and total GDP) The table value is 2. 3306. The calculated value (t=1. 84) is inside the critical region. So, the null hypothesis is accepted. Though the average growth rate of service sector is more than the growth rate of total GDP, but there is no difference with t test. 180 Research Journal of Finance and Accounting ISSN 2222-1697 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2847 (Online) Vol 3, No 5, 2012 7. Trade of service and Trade liberization www. iiste. org Trade liberlization has opened a new horizon for service exports. Service export is the amount which is paid by the foreign national for using the service of Bangladesh. Service import is the amount which is paid by the Bangladeshi national for using the service of other countries. GATS was formed to eliminate the trade barriers. Here we shall see the impact of trade liberization on the service sectors of Bangladesh. From the table 4, the figure-3 is drawn. It is found from the figure -3 that the import of service average Tk. 199368 million is more than the export of service average Tk. 112214. 5 million. The total trade deficit is increasing over the year. The average rate of growth of service export is more than service import which are 16. 16% and 15. 89% respectively. This is a good symptom for Bangladesh. 8. Employment opportunity in Service sector Service sector has created a great scope for employment. Bangladesh is a labor intensive country. Population is an important resource of Bangladesh. From the table 5 (data is taken from world Bank data bank) the figure-4 is drawn and it is shown that average employment of Agriculture, Industry, Service to toal employment are 58. 89%, 12. 39 5and 25. 36% respectively. But employment of service sector is increasing. The employment of industry sector is increasing but agriculure sector is decreasing. 9. Recommendations for Service Sectors After analysis, it can be said that the contribution of service sector is about 49. 22% and the growth rate of service sector is 6. 75%. The contribution is about half of the total economic sectors and the growth rate is more than the average growth of GDP. Emphasis is given on the service sector for development. Since the industry sector is growing rapidly (7. 49%), support can be given by providing the quality and smooth service. The employment in service sector is increasing day by day. So, there is lot o f opportunity for employment in this sector. Though there is negative Trade Balance of service of Bangladesh, the growth rate of srvice export is more than that of import. It is a good symptom for us. So we have to emphasize the service export such as Tourism, Software, Transportation and Financial srvice etc. The prospects of some promising service sectors are pointed out below. 9. 1. Development of Tourism Tourism is one of the most promising sectors for Bangladesh with her huge natural beauty, heroic historical background and archaeological resources (Das Chakroborty 2012). Bangladesh is a country of natural beauty. She has lot of tourism places. These places are of different interest like beaches, historical places, archaeological sites, religious palaces, forest and jungle etc. . 2. Development of Software and IT With the passage of time, the globe is being changed from analogue to automation. During last few years Bangladesh showed enormous success in Software and IT Sector which can enlarge the extent of her service market (BASIS 2010). The current size of Bangladesh IT Industry and software/ITES industry is still smaller compared to the overall economy and the number of p opulation (over 150 million). Over the last few years the industry has been grown considerably and is expected to grow at that rate for some time. 9. 3. Information Communication Technology (ICT) With the hope of great development, the govrnment of people republic of Bangladesh introduced National Information and Communication Technology (ICT) Policy in October 2002. This policy document guides the development of a country-wide ICT-infrastructure for human resources development, governance, e-commerce, banking, public utility services and all sorts of on-line ICT-enabled services by 2006. 9. 4. Improvement in Transportation Transportation is an important sub-sector of total service sector. It includes different type of transport for example road transport, waterways, railways, and airlines. Of these, road transport is mostly used means of transport. Road transport in Bangladesh is a private sector affair operating predominantly in domestic routes. 181 Research Journal of Finance and Accounting ISSN 2222-1697 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2847 (Online) Vol 3, No 5, 2012 www. iiste. org Rates are among the cheapest in the world. Express and non stop services are available. Total Highways is 204,022 km of which paved is 25,095 km and unpaved is 178,927 km (1996 est. ) (bangla2000. com). 9. 5. Quality Financial Services Financial service is another important part of total service sector in Bangladesh. It is a promising sub sector which consists of the Bangladesh Bank (the central bank), four nationalized commercial banks (NCBs), 5 stateowned specialized banks (SBs), more than 30 private sector commercial banks (PCBs) and more than 9 foreign commercial banks (PCBs). The rest of the financial sector consists of more than 29 non-bank financial institutions, the capital market, 3 general and 17 life insurance companies, the cooperative banks and the microfinance institutions. 9. 6. Development of Education sector For increasing of people and literacy rate, the demand of higher education is increasing. The technical institution, Business education, health education create the demand to the people. The development of government and private universities is the indicator of growing demand of education sector. 10. Concluding Remarks The contribution of service sector is about 50 percent of the total GDP. So, the growth rate of GDP depends on the service sectors. The service sector provides the support for the development Industry sector and agriculture sector. For the international trade (export and import), the smooth transportations, financial and insurance service is required. For the improvement of the GDP sector, it has to give special emphasize on service sectors. There is lot of scope of development of service sector. Bangladesh is providing transit and transshipment to India, Nepal and Bhutan that will increase return from the transportation and communication sector. The manufacturing sector is growing rapidly. So, the need of financial service and education is increasing in future. Tourism, hotel service is promising in Bangladesh. The trade liberalization on service will cause the opportunity for service export. So, we have to take the initiatives for development of service sectors. This paper has analyzed the comparative contribution of service sector, the growth of service sector, service export and the employment in service sectors. There is scope for further research about the ways of development of service sectors. References: Bangladesh Parjatan Corporation n. d. SUNDARBAN Royal Bengal Tiger and Mangrove Forest accessed 2 May 2011, www. parjatan. gov. bd/forest. php Bangladesh Association of Software and Information Services 2010, BASIS Resource Center, Bangladesh, accessed 2 May, 2011, http://www. basis. org. bd/index. php/resource Bhuyan A. R. , Hossain M. I. and Hossai M. A. , 20007, Study on the Services Sector of Bangladesh, The Bangladesh Trade Support Programme (BTSP) Brahs, Stuart J. 2002. Priorities for WTO Financial Services Negotiations Fund Management and Pensions, Principal Financial Group, Washington DC. Bangladesh Bareu of Statistics, BBS (Labour Force Survey) 2006, Dhaka Comjagat. com 2010, Status and Prospects http://www. comjagat. com/home/articles/morearticles/5515 of ICT in Bangladesh, Bangladesh, Choudhury T. A. , Raihan A. , Habib S. and S. Chowdhury. 2000. Effects of WTO on Financial System of Bangladesh: A Research Report, BIBM, 2000. All the journals articles are available online to the readers all over the world without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than those inseparable from gaining access to the internet itself. Printed version of the journals is also available upon request of readers and authors. IISTE Knowledge Sharing Partners EBSCO, Index Copernicus, Ulrichs Periodicals Directory, JournalTOCS, PKP Open Archives Harvester, Bielefeld Academic Search Engine, Elektronische Zeitschriftenbibliothek EZB, Open J-Gate, OCLC WorldCat, Universe Digtial Library , NewJour, Google Scholar

Preposition near Doesnt Need a to

Preposition near Doesnt Need a to Preposition near Doesnt Need a to Preposition near Doesnt Need a to By Maeve Maddox Daniel writes: The expression â€Å"near to X, Y, or Z† is becoming prevalent, even in the Times (of London).   Whats wrong with â€Å"near†?   Is there any linguistic ammunition that can be fired in the direction of this misuse? The question comes from England and most of the â€Å"near to† examples I found by cruising the web I found on British sites: There are [sic] a distinct lack of pubs near to the ground (sports field) as it is built away from other buildings. the pub is near to the junction with the A34 The church is near to Charing Cross, Waterloo and Blackfriars stations. This caption is the only â€Å"near to† I was able to find for the US: Panorama from the lawn behind Living Stones Church near to Kailua-Kona. Hawaiian tourist site. Plenty examples of near without the unnecessary â€Å"to† are to be found on British sites: Saint Marys Church in the hollow of the white hazel near a rapid whirlpool and the Church of St. Tysilio of the red cave. information about St Cwyfans Church, near Aberffraw Wembley Arena Hotels offers great rates on over 50 hotels near Wembley Arena. American usage definitely favors near without a â€Å"to†: Other attractions near our Houston, Texas hotel include Situated near some of the most recognizable landmarks in Washington DC, this hotel provides easy access to renowned monuments, Patent attorneys located near the US Patent Office People visiting the Little Rock area can find several hotels near Verizon Arena that offer suite accommodations. The adverb nearby sometimes gets lumbered with â€Å"to.† In this example the preposition is used without the extra word, but the adverb gets a â€Å"to†: Nearby to the pub is the hidden 13th century church of St John the Baptist the most isolated church in Surrey. The pub is near the T-junction at the top. Not everyone sees the tacked-on â€Å"to† as an error. I came across this â€Å"tip† on an ESL site: Use the preposition near with or without to for the same meaning. Ex. He lives near (to) the bank. My friends play soccer near (to) my office building. Adding a â€Å"to† after the preposition is grammatically unnecessary. Nothing is lost by dropping the â€Å"to† in the following examples: the pub is near the junction with the A34 The church is near Charing Cross Can it be a regional thing? Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Program vs. ProgrammeWriting the Century20 Slang Terms for Law Enforcement Personnel

How to Use the Italian Verb Avere

How to Use the Italian Verb Avere Avere: 1 to have (got): Ho molti amici. I have many friends; 2 to have, to own: Ha una villa in campagna. He has a house in the country; 3 to have on, to wear: Maria ha un vestito nuovo. Maria has on a new dress. Like the verb essere (to be), avere is used in myriad grammatical and linguistic situations. Learning the many conjugations and uses of the verb is crucial to the study of the Italian language. Interrogative Verbs To make a verb interrogative (I have - do I have?), add a question mark to the end of the sentence in writing. In speaking, the pitch of the voice rises at the end of the sentence. Avete un buon lavoro.You have a good job. Avete un buon lavoro?Do you have a good job? If a subject (noun or pronoun) is expressed in the interrogative, it can:- stay at the beginning of the sentence, before the verb- go to the end of the sentence- less frequently go immediately after the verb Does Mario have an uncle?Mario ha uno zio?Ha uno zio Mario?Ha Mario uno zio? Avere is an irregular verb (un verbo irregolare); it does not follow a predictable pattern of conjugation. The present tense (il presente) of avere is as follows: CONJUGATING THE ITALIAN VERB AVERE IN THE PRESENT TENSE Singolare Plurale (io) ho I have (noi) abbiamo we have (tu) hai you have (fam.) (voi) avete you have (fam.) (Lei) ha you have (form.) (Loro) hanno you have (form.) (lui) ha he has (loro) sono they have (fam.) he compound tenses are verb tenses, such as the  passato  prossimo, that consist of two words. The appropriate tense of  avere  or  essere  (called the auxiliary or helping verbs) and the past participle of the target verb forms the verb phrase. Transitive Verbs In general, transitive verbs are conjugated with  avere. Transitive verbs express an action that carries over from the subject to the direct object:  The teacher  explains  the lesson. The past participle is invariable when the  passato  prossimo  is constructed with  avere. Oggi Anna non lavora perchà ¨ ha lavorato ieri.Today Anna isnt working because she worked yesterday. The others worked yesterday too.Anche  gli  altri  hanno  lavorato  ieri. Past Participle When the past participle of a verb conjugated with  avere  is preceded by the third person  direct object pronouns  lo, la, le,  or  li,  the past participle agrees with the preceding direct object pronoun in gender and number. The past participle may agree with the direct object pronouns  mi, ti,  ci,  and  vi  when these precede the verb, but the agreement is not mandatory. Ho  mangiato  la frittata.I have eaten the  omelette. L’ho  mangiata.I have eaten it. Ho  comprato  il sale e  il  pepe.I bought the salt and pepper. Li  ho  comprati.  I bought them. Ci  hanno  visto  (visti).They saw us. In negative sentences,  non  is placed before the auxiliary verb. Molti  non  hanno  pagato.Many didnt pay. Hai  ordinato  un  aperitivo?Did you order an aperitif? No,  non  ho  ordinato  un  aperitivo.No, I didnt order an aperitif. Compound and Verb Tenses The compound tenses are verb tenses, such as the  passato  prossimo, that consist of two words. The appropriate tense of  avere  or  essere  (called the auxiliary or helping verbs) and the past participle of the target verb forms the verb phrase. In general, transitive verbs are conjugated with  avere. Transitive verbs express an action that carries over from the subject to the direct object:  The teacher  explains  the lesson. The past participle is invariable when the  passato  prossimo  is constructed with  avere. Oggi Anna non lavora perchà ¨ ha lavorato ieri.Today Anna isnt working because she worked yesterday. The others worked yesterday too.Anche  gli  altri  hanno  lavorato  ieri. When the past participle of a verb conjugated with  avere  is preceded by the third person  direct object pronouns  lo, la, le,  or  li,  the past participle agrees with the preceding direct object pronoun in gender and number. The past participle may agree with the direct object pronouns  mi, ti,  ci,  and  vi  when these precede the verb, but the agreement is not mandatory. Ho  mangiato  la frittata.I have eaten the  omelette. L’ho  mangiata.I have eaten it. Ho  comprato  il sale e  il  pepe.I bought the salt and pepper. Li  ho  comprati.I bought them. Ci  hanno  visto  (visti).They saw us. In negative sentences,  non  is placed before the auxiliary verb. Molti  non  hanno  pagato.Many didnt pay. Hai  ordinato  un  aperitivo?Did you order an aperitif? No,  non  ho  ordinato  un  aperitivo.No, I didnt order an aperitif.

Opportunity for Expansion - the Case of Wal-Mart Essay

Opportunity for Expansion - the Case of Wal-Mart - Essay Example The expansion of a firm in the international market is often considered as the most effective method for increasing organizational competitiveness and ensuring a long – term growth. In practice, this strategy can be risky, especially if it is not carefully planned. The level at which opportunities for expansion need to be used by organizations for improving their market position is reviewed in this paper. Reference is made to a specific organization, Wal-Mart, a major competitor in the global retail industry. Currently the firm operates in about 27 countries (Wal-Mart 2012, corporate website). Despite its success, the firm tries to secure its market position through continuous expansion; in US market, where the firm is based, the chances for further growth seems to be limited. The expansion in the international market seems to be the firm’s only chance for achieving a long – term growth. 2. Expansion in new markets – Wal-Mart 2.1 Background Wal-Mart is a l eading firm in the international retail market. The firm’s stores are dispersed globally, making Wal-Mart one of the most powerful competitors in its industry. The firm was first established in 1962, in USA (Wal-Mart 2012, corporate website). ... In 2010, the firm planned to increase their international stores, approximately by ‘600 stores worldwide’ (Tice 2010). For the US market, the establishment of just 160 new stores was considered as sufficient for responding to customers’ needs (Tice 2010). In 2012, the firm plans to invest a high amount of money, about $750 million (CBC News 2012), for expanding its operations in Canada. The above investment involves in the ‘renovation and expansion of the firm’s existing stores creating 14,000 new jobs across Canada’ (CBC News 2012). It should be noted that in 2011, the firm had developed a major plan of expansion in the US market, adding ‘hundreds of small stores across US under the name Wal-Mart Express’ (Bustillo 2011). This is an effort for expansion in the internal market, as combined with the expansion internationally, which is considered as quite important for standardizing the firm’s performance in USA. The opportuni ties of expansion given to Wal-Mart, as described above, are analyzed below; reference is made to appropriate theory but also to the practical implications of the particular initiatives. Also, the potential effects of these strategies on the organization’s performance are discussed, as they can be estimated by using the figures presented in the firm’s financial reports for the last 5 years, a period during which the firm’s efforts for expanding internationally have become intensive. 2.2 Evaluation of the firm’s current expansion strategies 2.2.1 Organizational expansion in theory The decision of organizations to expand their activities internationally can be based on different criteria. According to the ‘monopolistic advantage theory’ (Luo 1999, p.27), organizations may decide to expand in the global

Personal Ethics Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Personal Ethics Development - Essay Example Ethics, on the other hand is how individuals behave in the face of difficult situations that often test the morality of an individual (Josephson Institute, 2009). Personal ethics are usually considered as the foundation of a person’s moral compass or a guide that tells on what is right or wrong, thus applying the moral judgment to decide on what to follow. Ethical principals are often influenced by several factors such as, influences from family, religious beliefs, and culture; thus it can be concluded that the principles of ethics are dynamic and subject to change in our day- to-day lives (Daft, Murphy & Willmott, 2010). My ethical principles were greatly influenced by various factors like the family members, religion, and culture, all of which shaped on my morality and instilled in me values that help in guiding my decision making process. Parents are the first people who instill morality into their children; thus the children can distinguish between right or wrong. Parents can enlighten their children on what is expected of them in the society, for example, when the parents inform their children that stealing is wrong and that the society require them not to steal, the foundation of the children’s ethics is built (Daft, Murphy & Willmott, 2010). ... Religion also played a immense role in shaping my ethical principles since religion allowed me to accept and follow an established set of moral guidelines which enabled me to behave ethically. Trevino and Nelson (2007) elaborates that religion often motivates people to do well in the presence life with promise of good life after death. The Christianity has set rules or commandments that guide people in the everyday life. These rules outline what is good or bad and thus Christians are encouraged to follow these commandments to the latter. Culture also played a role in development of ethics in my life because the traditions of the society became embedded in my psyche. The culture usually direct people in the everyday occurrences, for example, in a country where racism and gender discrimination is rampant people might embrace it because the society accepts its practice. As elaborated by Ferrell, Fraedrich, and Ferrell (2013), events that happen every day have had a role in shaping my et hics. Personal emotions causes a shift in the ethical beliefs in such a case as the murder of a loved one might say that the murderer should be issued death penalty even though is clear that death penalty is unethical in the society. Personal feelings also can be considered to have an impact on our ethical principles, for example, when one does something wrong and is against the ethical principles of society, one will tend to feel ashamed of the act while, on the other hand, doing something which is in line with our ethical system one tends to be happy thus these occurrences provide an immediate feedback that shapes the moral standards of an individual. In the workplace people are often required to make decisions that require the application of moral judgment to make right

Indigenous Peoples and Tourism Essay Example for Free

Indigenous Peoples and Tourism Essay Theobald (1994) suggested that etymologically, the word tour is derived from the Latin, tornare and the Greek, tornos, meaning a lathe or circle; the movement around a central point or axis. This meaning changed in modern english to represent ones turn. The suffix –ism is defined as an action or process; typical behavior or quality, while the suffix, –ist denotes one that performs a given action. When the word tour and the suffixes–ism and –ist are combined, they suggest the action of movement around a circle. One can argue that a circle represents a starting point, which ultimately returns back to its beginning. Therefore, like a circle, a tour represents a journey in that it is a round-trip, an activities of persons traveling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business or other purposes. In 1941, Hunziker and Krapf defined tourism as people who travel the sum of the phenomena and relationships arising from the travel and stay of non-residents, insofar as they do not lead to permanent residence and are not connected with any earning activity. y these definitions, the tourism industry is inevitable since travelling is always a part of a person’s everyday life. Tourism can be seen as major consideration for both developed and developing countries in terms of adding up value to their potential tourism assets. Today, variety of tourism activities has evolved and is continually practice worldwide. There are also different themes or purposes why people travel from their country origin to their preferred destinations, these are visiting friends and relatives tourism, medical, health and retirement tourism, nature and adventure tourism, nautical or cruise tourism, sun and beach tourism, MICE, Leisure and Entertainment and Shopping Tourism, educational tourism, and lastly, cultural or indigenous tourism. The Indigenous Tourism This kind of tourism has a variety of components and relationships. And each indigenous tourism experience is unique in terms of time, space and participants. In 1966, a frameworks was been presented by Hinch and Butler, which highlights some of the key components of indigenous tourism. However, it was of limited value terms of identifying relationships between these components. The tourism system was been influenced by a variety of sources such as the basic geographic dimension of Leiper’s tourism system (1990), and the important role of the media which was highlighted by Ryan and Trauer, (2005). One of the distinguishing figures of an indigenous tourism system in general is the emphasis on the culture. In the indigenous tourism, where cultural overlay can be found, is much more encompassing compared to the tangible manifestation in a culturally based attraction. Basic values and principles, which were infused in the way an enterprise is operated, also reflect. The final component of this tourism system is the broader environmental context. This component also reflects the reality that tourism is not a closed system. But the main intent of the host (indigenous people), is to have income using the destination and also to export positive images of the destination and themselves. Economic Environment The strong performance of the economic aspects will result in higher levels of discretionary spending for travel and more trips, especially if it’s done in tourist market areas. On the other hand, the weak performance of the economic aspects often results in tourism actively supported as an alternative to struggling primary or secondary industries. Oftentimes, communal approach is a successful liaison with traditional indigenous communities but being questioned in places like Australia by Schmiechena and Boyle, Editor’s Note. Private entrepreneurial approaches are being pursued in indigenous communities (Wuttunee, 1992; Altman and Finlayson, 1993). The growing corporatization of the global economy may reflect in such trends in combination with evolving generational differences and changing socio-political structures and programs that can be seen in indigenous communities. Social Environment. One of the shared features of indigenous people is the â€Å"cultural poverty† in which they live (Frideres, 1988). Poverty means there is an insufficiency in participating effectively in society, not having enough to feed and clothe a family, neither a clinic nor a school to go to, or even own a land or a job to earn one’s living, and not having access to credit. It is not very surprising that the constraints and results of the development goals of indigenous people often vary from the goals of non-indigenous communities. Political Environment. Despite the substantial constraints that the indigenous people face, they become increasingly aware and active, as well as informed of their legal and political rights and have increasingly exercised them. There has been a major increase in land claim settlements which resulted in financial gain and increased resource management roles (Hinch, 2001). The internal politics of indigenous groups has political differences as one of the significant aspects which is not surprising that it is very rare to hear a unified voice speaking on their behalf. In Indigenous communities, there are two levels of governance, one imposed by the dominant culture and one embedded in the traditional practices of the community. Also, the reality of dual governing structures; one of them is an elected body while the other looks to the traditional guidance of elders, whose gonna be taking account valued communal and kinship bonds, build and process consensus in the community. And there are two levels of governance in indigenous communities: first is imposed by the dominant culture and secondly, embedded in the community’s traditional practice. Natural Environment The widespread destruction of natural areas throughout the world, actually increases the value of most traditional indigenous lands (Stevens, 1997). Most of the traditional indigenous lands has been lost due to expropriation and been the cause for the displacement of the indigenous people to peripheral places. The traditional relationship of the indigenous people to their homeland compared to non-indigenous people to their own land is also distinct (Notzke, 2006). Because most of the indigenous people believes that they are unconditionally conjugated or inseparable with the nature, unlike with the non-indigenous people who tend to see the land as a resource for human pleasure (Gary, 1991; Hollinshead, 1992). Given the importance of the environment to the indigenous people, any changes in the environment, have significance on the practice of the indigenous tourism (Gardner and Nelson, 1988). Host- Guest Relationshop and the Socio-Cultural Impacts of tourism It’s been the subject of much debate and research in a variety of disciplines such as anthropology and ethnography, as well as tourism studies. Disassociating the impacts of tourism from the boarder context of social and cultural development, is difficult in many ways. Most of the models cited with impact analysis are considered as less useful as tourists proliferate and destinations diversify. Two best-known models perhaps were (Butler’s Lifecycle Model, 1980 and Doxey’s Irridex, 1975). These models allow us to visualize the progression (more often, regression) of many global destinations, though they are by no means universal. In the past few years, the regeneration or rejuvenation of destination has become a more widespread phenomenon. Many products have been upgraded; some were diversified into new forms of tourism, and are targeting higher spending visitors. Though it is uncommon for tourist to be confined to â€Å"enclaves’ where contact with local residents is minimal. This kind of relationship allows for little spontaneity, but worth questioning how far host-guest relations have ever been truly authentic given the contrived nature and typically short duration of the average holiday. Acculturation, Cultural Drift and the Commodificaiton of Culture The fact of tourism is inevitable that the cultural changes primarily seen to the traditions of indigenous society, customs and values rather than to those of the tourist. Although tourism in some destinations, may be intermittent and seasonal. The level of visitation is constant and can have considerable impact on the social and cultural fabric of the host society. Instead of acculturation, cultural drift take place and is a kind of cultural change that appear within the society. (Mathieson and Wall 1992), states that cultural drift is a phenotypic change to the behavior of the host which take place only when they are in contact with tourists, but when tourists leave, it can go back to normal. The Genotypic behavior is a more permanent phenomenon where cultural changes are handed down from one generation to another. The fears of the culture and identity of the host can be assimilated into more dominant or persuasive culture of the tourist. Homogenization of culture is often exacerbated by tourist whose behaviors are sometimes adapted by local residents. This may simply mean to local people, that they are obliged to learn the language of the tourist in order to communicate well, but can also mean the consumption of non-local food or drink, the wearing of non-traditional fashions, and the desire to indulge in the same forms of entertainment as tourists. The majority of tourists tend to crave Western-style amenities. Not only this create economic leakages, but it also threatens the production of local goods, especially if local people develops and prefer Western-style products as well. Authenticity also becomes a key issue esp. when performing rituals in isolation from their traditional context. Staged authenticity in the form of displaced ceremonies, activities and events has become widespread. Although it is somehow important, the authenticity of tourist experience, it is more crucial to ensure that local communities with their role as performers and entertainers must feel comfortable in any ways. And of course, it should be understood as well that some religious or spiritual cultural practices, for tourists gaze, might not be appropriate spectacles. Measuring the socio-cultural impacts of tourism Culture is dynamic and it changes from time to time irrespective of human development: First, distinguishing the impacts of tourism from those of other social or economic developments is difficult. Second, in measuring socio-cultural impacts, only few reliable tools exist, and assessment is oftentimes used to gather quantifiable data. Cooper and et al (1998) suggests to use a number of techniques in measuring sociocultural impacts of tourism, but usually filtering other influences is impossible. The following list suggests some of the indicators that can used to identify socio-cultural impacts: †¢ Ratio of tourist to locals †¢ Nature of interaction between hosts and guests †¢ Local perceptions of tourism †¢ Concentration of tourism in certain locations †¢ Degree of usage of local products and facilities †¢ Extent and nature of local employment †¢ Degree of commercialization of local culture †¢ Changes in family relationships and the role of women †¢ Demonstration effects †¢ Increased social problems (e. g. drug usage, alcohol abuse, gambling, prostitution). †¢ Rises in crimes Cultural Tourism as a positive development option Cultural tourism can often provide an attractive socio-economic development option for many societies. It can also raise the profile of a destination, attracting the interest of both investors and visitors. There are a number of benefits derived from tourism and have been well documented in tourism literature and may include the creation of employment, the receipt of foreign exchange, the expansion of other economic sectors, and infrastructural developments. Some are intangible benefits including the renewal of cultural pride, revitalization of customs and traditions, and opportunities for cross-cultural exchange and integration. One of the major problems with tourism development is the government of those countries, who perceives tourism as a â€Å"quick fix† solution to the economic problems. As suggested by Lanfant and et al. (1995), it is often perceived as the last chance for countries to propel themselves on to the world of stage and to compete in the global arena. International and non-local investment becomes an attractive prospect, esp. in poverty-stricken countries where there are many local entrepreneurs who are able to afford the inflated land and property prices. However, restriction of the government in the extent of outside investment is needed, as this might lead inevitably to ownership and management of facilities and services o f the non-locals and high economic leakages. Another economic difficulty is for the destinations or countries who were not able to meet demands of their tourism industry with their own local products. Other economic sectors such as fishing or agriculture can be strengthened; supply is unlikely to meet demand if tourism increases rapidly. In cases of small island economies, it might be possible to strengthen inter-island linkages, but there is still the need to import goods and still experience the inevitable economic leakages. Although most tourists do shop and buy local handcrafted goods, it is still difficult to insist the consumption of local cuisine. The need for local and tourist education is being recognized. Tour operators, airlines and Western tourism agencies were encouraged to provide info and codes of conduct for visitors. Codes of conduct may be necessary in areas where the environment of local culture is fragile or sensitive. The final point is the marketing of the destination. Most destination practice selective marketing to ensure that tourism development remains small-scale and appropriate. However, this is a delicate balance since many of the tourists may not be the most cultural sensitive. There are certain forms of tourism that are being developed in accordance with these changing trends, which are more environmentally friendly and culturally sensitive. Indigenous Cultural Tourism. According to Smith (2003), The Indigenous Cultural Tourism is used as an overarching terms for together ethnic and tribal tourism, and any form of tourism that involves contact with the indigenous people and their culture. They usually involve visiting native and indigenous people, such as tribal groups or ethnic minorities. An area that is designated cultural landscape, national park, a jungle, a dessert or a mountainous region. Foreign Studies Tourism Industry Tourism is seen as a labor intensive, seven-day-a-week industry, growing at a rate faster than any sector. It is widely accepted that tourism is gaining more and more importance with the end of 20 th century and especially with the beginning of 21 st century regarding to the changing trends. In the study â€Å"Developing Alternative Modes of Tourism† (Berne Tuzcan, 2007), World Tourism Organization has taken the concept of tourism beyond holiday-making and officially defined it as follows: â€Å"Tourism comprises the activities carried out by people during their holidays and their visit to places different from their usual environment or residence, for a consecutive period of time less than a year, with leisure, business or other purposes. † (McIntosh, Goeldner and Ritchie 1995:11). Accordingly â€Å"Tourism refers to all activities of visitors including both overnight visitors and same day visitors† (Lickorish and Jenkins, 1997: 36). Moreover, it may also be defined as â€Å"the sum of relationships arising from the interaction of tourists, business suppliers, host government, and host communities in the process of attracting and hosting these tourist and other visitors (McIntosh, Goeldner and Ritchie 1995: 9-10). † On the other hand tourists can be defined as people who are visiting a particular place for sightseeing, visiting their friends and relatives, taking a vacation, and having a good time. Indigenous Tourism Indigenous tourism is a „special interest? tourism; its essential components are: first hand, authentic and usually intimate contact with Indigenous peoples whose ethnic and cultural backgrounds are different from those of tourists (Weiler and Harron 84). Indigenous tourism affairs are location-specific, or rather, culture-specific; the history has shown that various Indigenous groups have reacted to tourism in various ways. The approaches of Indigenous communities towards tourism are influenced by a number of factors such as: former experiences with Western world, size of Indigenous population, sedentary or mobile lifestyle, diversity of Indigenous languages in an area, etc. ( Martina Horakova, 2003) Naturally, the overall analysis of Indigenous tourism would require a holistic approach; all the aspects of life in Indigenous communities are influenced by tourism and are interwoven: economic and educational issues, marketing and preservation, land ownership and traditional lifestyles. Indigenous People Indigenous communities are very diverse and specific. No matter where they live, groups from various parts of the world or clans occupying two neighboring regions, all of them are unique and their distinctiveness should be recognized and respected. Thus, to generalize insensitively and refer to all Indigenous peoples as a homogeneous group would be an immense mistake. In Australia, there are more than 700 different nations (Nielsen 213) and as quoted in the said study, â€Å"different groups are responding to tourism in different ways†. In the thesis entitled â€Å"Tourism and its Impact on Traditional Culture: A case study of Sirubari village, Nepal† by Tilak Prasad Kandel (2011) discussed the boom of tourism on indigenous people in the village tourism being practiced by the Gurung people in the Sirubari village of Syangja. For several decades now, this study recognizes the tourism industry as major source of revenue for countries, especially in the Third World. For ethnic tribes such as the Gurung people, Tourism is like a gift. They were given opportunities for employment other than hunting and fishing. Their children was given the benefits for education and they were informed of what it is like outside of their community as they interact with tourists who visited their place. They were proud of their culture but did not deny the fact, that they have the rights for changes and development if choose to. Another study, â€Å"The Impacts of Ethnic Tourism on Hill Tribes in Thailand† (Kayoko Ishii, 2011) stated the economic bene? ts of ethnic tourism for tribal households that affect the division of labor and gender dynamics in the local minority community engaged in the tourism industry. Furthermore, â€Å"Indigenous Tourism in Australia† (Martina Horakova, 2003) deals in analyzing both the positive and negative impacts of tourism in Aboriginal communities in Australia. The thesis shows that no one could really conclude that the overall effect of indigenous tourism on Aboriginal communities is either bad or good. This thesis intends to present that even though there are negative impacts, the positive ones could actually eliminate those and that indigenous tourism could give Aboriginal peoples the opportunity to re-create and state their identities through the interaction and exposure to tourists. The communication between tourists and Aboriginal peoples is productive in many aspects. It provides tourists with information that cannot be obtained elsewhere, and it helps to restore Aboriginal peoples? self-esteem and pride in their cultural heritage. Consequently, they are more willing to share their knowledge with the outer world. And, by telling their stories, they contribute greatly to the reconciliation. Thus, it could be concluded that Indigenous tourism becomes â€Å"reconciliation tourism† (Higgins-Desbiolles 223), when operated sensitively and carefully. Local Literature The Philippine Tourism According to Etravel Philippines (2000), The Philippines, Pearl of the Orient Seas, is very rich in natural resources. Filipinos are by nature creative and intelligent. The richness of the environment is an advantage for their livelihood. Around 15 million hectares, or almost half of the Philippines total land area, are classified as timberland. Most of the land here was densely forested before the 1900s. However, the following century saw the loss of half of Philippine forests. Statistics show that deforestation claimed 204,000 hectares per year from 1950 to 1978. From 1989 to 1995, only 116,332 hectares were vanishing annually. Environmentalist groups are trying to protect Philippine forests, but a lot needs to be done in the campaign for reforestation as well as the fight against illegal logging. Philippine forests produce timber for local consumption and for export. Hardwood products coming from these timbers are globally known for their distinct appearance and high quality, which makes them appropriate as home furnishings. Wooden furniture, such as tables and chairs, are usually made of hardwood, popularly known as narra. Most Philippine forests are of the tropical rainforest type. Besides extensive reserves of tropical evergreen hardwoods, the country also has considerable areas of pine in the mountainous regions of Northern Luzon. With a coastal ecosystem stretching almost 20,000 km, the Philippines is likely to become one of the earliest victims of rising ocean temperatures and levels. Centuries-old coral reefs are dying almost overnight, and the destruction is being witnessed not only by divers in remote spots. Regional marine science studies estimated in the middle of 1999 that the Philippines magnificent underwater world would be gone by around 2100. Reports say that increased sea temperatures were causing mass coral bleaching events in the worlds best coral reefs. Something has to be done to reduce global warming caused by the burning of oil, coal, and gas. The Philippines has extensive but small river systems and streams, which are mostly depicted by the mountain ranges. The fluvial system of Luzon is made up of (1) Rio Grande de Cagayan and its tributaries (a stream that flows into a larger body of water), which drain the Cagayan Valley; (2) the Agno Grande which drains Benguet and the valleys of Nueva Ecija, Pangasinan and Tarlac; (3) the Abra River system, which receives its tributaries from the Cordillera and drains Lepanto, Bontoc, and the Abra; and (4) the Rio Grande de Pampanga and its tributaries, which drain the fertile valfeys of Nueva Ecija, Pampanga, and Bulacan. Schoolmeester (2004), expound that most of the islands in the Philippines are very small. Many of these small islands as well as the bigger islands, have a lot to offer to tourists. There are many possibilities for typical sun, sea and beach holidays and for specific adventure holidays. You can even meet the whale sharks and swim close to them. For tourists who want to discover geographically interesting landscapes or who want to meet mountain tribes, the Philippines has it all! As an archipelagic island, the Philippines offers countless attractions to see, such as the famous white sand beaches of Boracay, big shopping centers of Metro Manila, rice terraces of Ifugao, diving sites of Palawan, lush forests of Bohol, heritage houses in Vigan, and the cultural attractions of Manila. Metro Manila, the national capital region of the country, is known for being one of the best shopping destinations in Asia; its wide collection of shopping centers offer a range of local and international shops. Numerous shopping malls can be found around the metropolis, especially in the business and financial districts of Ortigas Center and Bonifacio Global City, while high-end shopping centers are mostly located at the Ayala Center in Makati. Despite the rise of modern shopping centers, traditional Filipino shopping areas still remain around the metropolis. Located just approximately 315 km (196 mi) south of Manila is Boracay; it is known for its white sand beaches and has been a favorite island destination for local and foreign visitors. In 2012, Boracay received the best island award from the international travel magazine Travel + Leisure. Boracay was also named as the second best beach in the world. Aside from its white sand beaches, Boracay is also known for being a popular destination for relaxation, tranquility and for an exciting nightlife (Malig, 2012). Mindanao, the southernmost island of the Philippines is home to the countrys tallest mountain, Mount Apo. The mountain features a wide range of flora and fauna and is home to over 272 bird species, 111 of which are endemic to the area. Mount Apo is also home to the countrys national bird, the Philippine Eagle. Mount Apo is a popular destination for hiking and mountain activities. The Indigenous People in the Philippines Jocano (1998) said that the earliest known attempt of classifying Filipinos into specific racial groupings were based mainly on anthropometric measurements and ocular inspections of skeletal remains as well as the physical appearances of living populations. The inhabitants of the country could be divided into: (1) Negritos – the small, dark-skinned group, which included the Negrito of Bataan, Ata of Luzon, and Mamanwa of Mindanao; (2) Malays – the brown-skinned group, which included the inhabitants of Bicol, Bisayas, and southern Luzon (Montano suspected the Malays to have Chinese, Indonesian, and Arabic blood); (3) Indonesian group – the group similar to the Malays in complexion, which included the Samal, Bagobo, Guianga, Ata, Tagakaolo, Tagbanua, Manubo, Mandaya, and Bilaan. Group 2 and 3 were said to have reached the Philippines in two waves of migration. The Indonesians were the first to come, followed by the Malays. The Aetas in the Philippines Of the scores of indigenous communities that comprise roughly 14 per cent of the Filipino people, the Agta are unquestionably the most widely distributed geographically. Popularly regarded as aboriginal, they are variously known as Mamanua in Surigao, Ata Manobo in Davao, Ati in Panay, Ata and Ati in Negros, Batak in North Central Palawan, Ayta and Ita in Central Luzon, Ata in Western Cagayan, and Agta or Aggay along the Sierra Madre Mountain Range facing the Pacific Ocean or more accurately the Philippine Sea from Palaui Island off San Vicente in Santa Ana, Cagayan south or northern Isabela Province. Farther south of the range, in Aurora and Quezon provinces, they are called Dumagat (Galang, 2006). The Aeta live in the northern part of the Philippines on the island of Luzon. Historians and Anthropologists debate precisely when and how they migrated here, the consensus being that they crossed from the island of Borneo between 20 and 30 thousand years ago, using a land bridge that was partially covered by water around 5,000 years ago – the remaining part of which is now part of Palawan. Whatever the migration path was, they are without doubt among the first – if not the first – inhabitants of the Philippines. One area of that country where the Aetas had lived for thousands of years was Mount Pinatubo (Waddington, 2002). Aetas are known to be one of the descendants of the original inhabitants of the Philippines. They previously occupied the outlying areas near the coastline and riverbeds, but were forced to resettle in the mountains by the coming of the migrants. Belonging to the ethnic group, Negrito, these mountain dwellers are classified and identified as Aytas or Aetas small stature, kinky hair, dark brown skin, and big brown eyes (Hiromu Shimizu, 1989). The small body of Aetas is nicely proportioned of strong, hardy stock, muscular and able to endure hardship of their life, such as going with little food for several days; they also have high forehead, prominent cheek bones, flat nose, round black eyes and scanty beard. They have highly trained and keen sense of hearing and sight since one of their sources of living is hunting. They also have bright, inquisitive minds and an extensive knowledge of woodcraft but they lack of abstract ideas and can hardly count beyond 4 or 5. Though their happiness is like a child’s happiness, they smile and laugh even if they are worried; they are kind and peaceful little folks and very devoted to their relatives, friends and with high moral standard like honesty (Wilson, 1953) The Pinatubo Aytas (Aytas in Zambales). Studies of cultural change following the occurrence of the natural hazards like volcanic eruptions usually focuses on the propensity of the stricken society to suffer from damage caused by an event, they stress the vulnerability or the condition of a society which makes it possible for a hazard to become a disaster (Canoon, 1994). According to Shimizu (1992), In the early years following the awakening of Mt. Pinatubo in 1991, there was a generalized fear that the eruption might turn into a cultural disaster for the Aeta ethnic minority of Central Luzon which was expected to be in a crisis of survival. A decade after the disaster, a certain level of cultural change has indeed been observed in the indigenous society. prior to the eruption, the Aeta in Zambales occupied only the slopes of the Mt. Pinatubo and, in particular, the tablelands stretching from the volcano to the coast range between Botolan and San Marcelino. In April 2001, Banzon-Bautista with the initial signs of the restlessness of the volcano, almost all of the Aetas communities were immediately evacuated. However, an unknown number of Aetas refused to leave their homes and perished during the eruption. According to oral accounts, a score of Aeta found shelter in caves that were eventually buried by pyroclastic flowers. According to Gaillard (2006), All the Aeta communities located on the upper flanks of Mt. Pinatubo prior to the eruption had to abandon their small villages which had been buried under these thick, hot pyroclastic and ash fall deposits, which prevent the immediate reoccupation of the settlements. Most of these Aeta have been relocated in the government resettlement sites, either on the lower slopes of the volcano or on the foothills. Today, these resettlement sites are the largest Aeta settlements. All these settlements are nowadays concentrated on the lower flanks of Mt. Pinatubo in the immediate proximity of lowland villages and towns occupied by Kapampangan people, the dominant ethnic group of the Southwestern part of the Central Plain of Luzon. Henceforth, there are no Aeta communities left isolated on the upper flanks of Mt. Pinatubo. All have established regular contact with the lowlanders. According to 1973 census, the Pinatubo Aytas covers almost majority of the 20,000 population of the Negrito groups. Pinatubo Aytas declined to accept and entertain the influence of the outside forces or the lowlanders and continually preserve their distinct culture and tradition until the Mount Pinatubo eruption in 1996 when they were forced to go down the plains and mountains and lived in the resettlement areas together with the lowlanders. These endanger their culture and tradition because they learned to adapt the ways of the lowlanders (Tubera, 2006). In line with this, they no longer possess their original language instead they adopted the lowlanders’ language called Sambal Language, thus, the acceptance of the jurisdiction of the municipal government which opened them further to the culture of the lowlanders whom they called as bawbanowa (town people). They have not just acquired the Sambal Language but also their techniques and rituals in agriculture; and their concepts of spirits, curing rituals, and burial customs. However, the Aytas assimilated only those cultural elements suitable to their social reality. This selective assimilation contributed to the stability and continuity of the Aytas’ culture. The feeling of antagonism towards the lowlanders made them preserve their own cultural heritage. Despite of being aware of the changing environment and society downhill they insisted to not to adopt and or develop a well integrated sociopolitical system beyond the family groupings and the village order. Hence, without the presence of the integrated system their history is not detailed, only those eve.