Competency Managing Stress And Stress Management

Entry #1 Competency: Managing Stress Developmental Need: I need to improve on my ability to manage my stress. Often, I find myself feeling anxious about working with others, especially within group projects where I am not familiar with the work style of my teammates. As such, encounter stressors negatively affect my ability to focus on the task at hand. For example, I grew increasingly worried about the cohesiveness of my group because we needed to collect materials, figure out times to meet and film the project. When stressed, I tend to act moody around others and panic over the amount of work I have rather than managing my time effectively, which negatively affects my ability to work with others and accomplish tasks. Course Material: After reviewing the stress cycle and stress management practices, I chose to implement the stressor-directed primary prevention technique. Further reflection on the situation helped me understand that my main time stressor is work overload. Application: In order to manage my stress levels, I implemented both emotional and task-focused coping. To start, I used constructive self-talk and trained myself using the capacities of psychological capital. I specifically focused on confidence, despite knowing I am capable of being an effective and useful group member in group projects, I often worry about other team members’ competencies. I used mastery/success experiences to think about the times I have been in groups where we were successful in ourShow MoreRelatedArticle Line Management Competence : The Key For Preventing And Reducing Stress At Work960 Words   |  4 PagesLewis, 2008), the article Line management competence: The key to preventing and reducing stress at work. Strategic HR Review, 7(2) states, â€Å"In the UK, Health and Safety Executive (HSE), was concerned about their employees. The company according†, (Donaldson et al., 2008), believed that work-related issues was due to stress. HSE has establi shed Management Standards for stress at work that are designed to help employers tackle the major sources of work-related stress risk (Donaldson et al., 2008)Read MoreNotes On Competencies Development Plan987 Words   |  4 Pages743744 Competencies Development Plan Introduction: This assessment provides a descriptive feedback on the skills development activities I am planning to undertake during the length of this course in order to develop my key management competencies. With the help of the reflection activity undertaken in this assessment, I have been able to self analyse my managerial skills and prepare a plan for further building these competencies. Section A: Competency Assessment Graph 1 Graph 2 Stress ManagementRead MoreToo Many U.S. Expatriate Managers Fail Essay659 Words   |  3 Pagesexpatriate managers end up quickly or they are found to be ineffective by their seniors. The major factors contributing to the failure of U.S expatriate managers include family stress, emotional immaturity, cultural inflexibility, over work and physical breakdown. Let’s discuss the reasons of family stress and cultural inflexibility. Stress experienced within family has been perceived as a factor that leads to the failure of an expatriate manager. It takes a bit of time for managers and their families to adjustRead MoreProblem Solving And Troubleshooting Domain1308 Words   |  6 Pagesif it is realistic to expect to have a handle on stress management within a short time frame. Stress and anxiety is always something I have struggled with. I set high expectations for myself which leads to stress as I strive to satisfy my own expectations. I think referencing the concepts in Seven Languages can help me in this area as I believe I need to improve my self-talk. I also think I need to make time for things that help me to relieve stress. This is something I tried to be very consciousRead MoreLeading Org Final Exam Notes Essay1575 Words   |  7 Pages1. Stress and well being Define stress and describe the stress experience Stress is an adaptive response to a situation that is perceived as challenging or threating to the person’s well-being. Distress – negative destructive effects, can be caused from boredom or under stimulation or overstimulation. Eustress –positive, constructive effects which are better performance, etc. Identify the different types of stressors in the workplace Interpersonal Stressors, most common, include team dynamicsRead MoreThe Affects of Workplace Change and Stress1597 Words   |  7 Pagesinevitability and stress as a byproduct. The tactics individuals and leaders adopt can cause harmful consequences if not managed with sensitivity and awareness. Change can be threatening for those experiencing job insecurity (Robbins Judge, 2007) or develop teams and co-workers that act at cross-purposes (Huy Mintzbereg, 2003). Change can be a source of stress, but so can workload, leadership styles, and the shuffling of roles and responsibilities (Cooper, 2006). Management of resistance and stress is largelyRead MoreOffice Space Movie Review1150 Words   |  5 PagesOffice Space: Emotional Competency Analysis In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Course Communication 478-1: Organizational Communication By: Samson Mengesha Date: Nov. 25/ 2011 Office space, a critically acclaimed film, portrays many significant themes one faces in an organization. Although it may seem like this movie was a comically based office story, it tells a deeper story about one, Peter Giffins and his environment in the work place as he goes to work every dayRead MoreThe Importance Of Supervising A Supervisory Position1671 Words   |  7 Pagesmore well-rounded supervisor in the future. Managing While I am not currently in a role in which I manage others, I could see myself in a management role in the future. I learned quite a few of the skills listed under the managing domain when I was with my previous organization. However, I feel like a few of the skills have to be learned again due to different business practices. In looking at the list of competencies and thinking of the competencies that those in leadership positions exhibit inRead MoreAn Assessment Of Competencies Of Team Leaders9717 Words   |  39 Pagesâ€Å"An assessment of the competencies of Team Leaders in managing work-related stress in the workplace† By Jerrod Jarvis A Research paper presented to the Department of Occupational Safety and Health Cipriani College of Labour and Co-operative Studies In partial fulfilment of the Bachelor Degree in Occupational Safety, Health and the Environment Churchill-Roosevelt Highway Valsayn Republic of Trinidad and Tobago June 2015 ‘Except where stated otherwise this report is based entirely on the author’sRead MoreDiscrimination and Mission Statement Essay654 Words   |  3 PagesInventory shrinkages and accidents pertain to which component of direct   costs associated with mismanaged organizational stress?    3) Which of the following is an example of an indirect cost associated with   mismanaged organizational stress?   4) Distrust, disrespect, and animosity pertain to which component of indirect   costs associated with mismanaged organizational stress?    5) Title VII is most relevant to the employment context because it __________on   the basis of race, color, religion

What the In-Crowd Wont Tell You About English Short Essay Topics

What the In-Crowd Won't Tell You About English Short Essay Topics Now you have a notion about what a proposal essay is and the way to pick the correct topic to compose your own essay, below are some examples of proposal essay topics. Try to remember, proposal essays serve a purpose outside academia. When you compose the essay, you will have to choose a single side to concentrate on. In other words, a proposal essay identifies an issue and suggests a remedy to that issue. Use transition words to get your text coherent and simple to read. Be mindful of the size it must be and begin writing the narrative essay outline. To structure an essay, you have to simply follow the aforementioned format. Firstly, you have to be aware of the right format of essay writing. When prior brainstorming is finished, you might begin drafting your essay. As tempting as it might appear to skip past the extra info and go right to the list of persuasive essay topics, don't do it. The multiple topics could be found, for instance, in the dissertation abstracts international database. There are broadly four kinds of essays. Short essays are still spend the type of formal essay because the parts will need to get included in it. Formal essays are usually academic in nature and tackle significant topics. Because proposal essays are a form of argumentative essay, you wish to be certain the essay is worthy of an argument. Finding the most suitable arguments will allow you to prove your point and win. There are a couple of explanations for the immense expansion in words. A fantastic persuasive topic also needs to be interesting, relevant and ought to deal with contemporary troubles. An excellent persuasive speech topic ought to be specific and focused. The Essay Topics list is provided for English along with Hindi section. Deciding on your topic isn't that easy. Essays are extremely personalized. They are like stories, only that they are a bit formal. There are certain kinds of essays we've given as samples to help students acquaint themselves and learn to compose various samples. By doing this it is possible to easily finish the descriptive paper. Well, grading papers can be very dull. Whatever it is that you want to focus on polishing on, then you'll find available English study materials. A wide selection of globalization essay is provided above to help students getting education in many classes. Proposal essays are typical in company and science classes and professions, but are also practical for a range of unique disciplines. You need to understand how to compose an effective essay as it is a typical foundation for a student's grade. If you are searching for assistance with your essay then we provide a comprehensive writing service given by fully qualified academics in your area of study. The simplest way to find out the sort of an essay is to realize the writer's point of view. Hopefully, you could find a couple of tips that you believe can help you improve your essay writing abilities. You may continue to keep your argumentative essays for your upcoming job portfolio in case they're highly graded. Additionally, by arguing for the other side of your opinion, you are going to learn which points you want to better address in your essay. Moreover, our English-speaking writers make sure every order has original content and a suitable structure. To compose an impressive short essay, especially during an examination, you should be in a position to hit the question and supply a straightforward answer while at the identical time observing the most suitable structure of an essay. So, it's a significant foundation for assorted epic stories! For example, you may be writing an essay arguing that individuals should drink less coffee. Some individuals have short attention span so that you want to have the writing skills to get your point with merely a few words. Opt for a distinctive topic that others may not think of, and whatever you select, make sure that you know a lot about it! If you wish to write in another language, you have to practice in creative ways each day.

Down Syndrome free essay sample

Peer Partner Final Project Down syndrome is a chromosomal condition in which an individual possesses extra genetic material, specifically an extra complete or partial duplicate of chromosome 21 in some or all of an individuals cells. This results in several hallmark characteristics and acute cognitive affects. Some of the physical traits associated with the syndrome are a small body, especially head and ears, hypotonia, hands that are broad and short, epicanthal folds, abnormalities of the ear, and nasal bridges that are flat in shape. There are also several orofacial characteristics such as a protruding tongue that occurs as a secondary characteristic to having a small and narrow palate (Saenz). These are just some of the physical characteristics commonly seen in the chromosomal condition, but the actual presentation of physical characteristics is highly individualized. Down Syndrome is the most common chromosomal condition, affecting one in every 691 babies born in the United States and over 400,000 individuals live with the chromosomal condition in the United States (â€Å"Ear, Nose and Throat and Down Syndrome†, Fogle 281). There is a slightly higher incidence of Down Syndrome in boys than girls. Infants are often diagnosed at birth by the occurrence of physical characteristics, but the actual expression of Down Syndrome varies considerably, and the diagnosis may be delayed if too much importance is put on only the typical physical characteristics. The diagnosis will be later confirmed through the use of â€Å"genetic karyotyping†, which determines the number of chromosomes present in the bodys eukaryotic cells (Saenz 381). The first physical characteristic of the chromosomal condition that is noticeable is often the presentation of hypotonia, the prescence of which should inspire concern and spur subsequent and swift assessment. Down Syndrome is, in most cases, not an inherited condition. Down Syndrome may be caused by Trisomy 21, which refers to the condition of having a an extra copy of chromosone 21, meaning three copies, instead of two, in each cell. In these cases, the â€Å"chromosomal abnormality occurs as a random event during the formation of reproductive cells† (Down Syndrome†). This occurrence is possible in either egg cells or sperm cells, but it is most likely to occur in egg cells, and it is the occurrence of nondisjunction, a mistake in the division of a cell, that causes a reproductive cell to contain an odd number of chromosomes (â€Å"Down Syndrome†). Likewise, Mosaic Down Syndrome is not an inherited condition. It happens in the early development stages of a fetus as a random occurrence in cell division, resulting in some cells having the normal duo of chromosome 21 copies, while some cells have three copies. In the third case, Translocation Down Syndrome, the condition may be inherited. A balanced translocation refers to the genetic material in between chromosome 21 and a different chromosome being in a different arrangement than normal that is called a â€Å"balanced translocation because there is no extra material from chromosome 21† (â€Å"Down Syndrome†). The carriers of this balanced translocation do not display signs of Down Syndrome, but they have a higher risk of giving birth to children with the chromosomal condition. The syndromes severity ranges from the mild to moderate ranges; however, the one consistently present trait in children with Down Syndrome is mental retardation, and the syndrome is responsible for one percent of all cognitive mental retardation (Fogle 281). Despite these impairments many individuals are characterized as being generally pleasant, affectionate and happy people. While Down Syndrome individuals had a life expectancy of about 25 years in 1883, the life expectancy today is about 60 (â€Å"Down Syndrome Fact Sheet – National Down Syndrome Society†). In respect to their receptive language, children diagnosed with Down Syndrome often have language comprehension that is about the same as their mental age. Note, that this is often different from their chronological age. As a general rule, their aptitude for language comprehension is greater than their aptitude for expressive language, specifically speech. It is important to note that these children frequently exhibit comparatively good development of language in their infancy and toddler stages, this is particularly true when the children are enrolled in early-intervention After this period of time, however, in the first school years the rate of language development noticeably slows down. In terms of general diagnostic testing, it is recommended by The American Academy of Pediatrics and the Down Syndrome Medical Interest Group that babies diagnosed with Down Syndrome should have audiologic testing directly after the are born and then again every six months until the child is three, or until they can sit for an audiogram with ear specific testing. After this point, there should be an annual hearing test, and even if there is only a mild hearing loss, hearing aids should be considered. This is because a mild hearing loss in a child is more severe that it would be in an adult because of the development of the childs intellectual, emotional and language based skills (â€Å"Ear, Nose, and Throat and Down Syndrome – National Down Syndrome Society†). The tests should change with their development. Newborns who have been diagnosed with the syndrome receive the mandatory hearing screening and receive objective tests like otoacoustic emissions or auditory brainstem response like other babies. Those who fail the screening should be tested with visual reinforcement audiometry at the devlopmental age (not chronological age) of ten months and conditional play audiometry when they reach the developmental age of two years. Adults should have a hearing assessment conducted every five years, ideally with pure tone audiometry testing and an additional word test (Snashall, Susan). Due to differing craniofacial and orofacial anatomy, tymapnometry will always be a useful test for middle ear fluid. Likewise, an otoscopic exam should be conducted annually to check the accumulation of wax. The buildup of cerumen is so common that pathologies of the middle ear may go unnoticed unless searched for by otoscope. A study by Hassman E. , Skotnicka B. , Midro A. T. , and Musiatowicz M. was conducted in 1998 to examine features of hearing loss in individuals with Down Syndrome through otorhinolaryngological examinations and audiological assessments. The study involved forty seven children and fourteen adults with Down Syndrome. Tests were decided upon by the chronological age of the subjects, their intellectual abilities and the function of their middle ear; â€Å"pure tone play audiometry, tympanometry, acoustic reflex, auditory brainstem response and distortion product otoacoustic emissions† (Hassman E et. Al 199) were the examinations included in the study. The resulting data were compared to control groups of the appropriate age. The results showed that the children with Down Syndrome often exhibited impaired â€Å"conductive function of the middle ear  expressed by pathological tympanometry†(Hassman E et al. 199). More specifically, B and C type tympanometry was found in 56% of the individual ears that were tested. It was also found that distortion product otoacoustic emissions had lower amplitudes in the children diagnosed with Down Syndrome than those found in the control groups. In light of the time component in the development of language in children with Down Syndrome, hearing impairment is a significant problem, especially since hearing  impairment is â€Å"one of the most common disabilities in children with Down Syndrome† (Kattan et al. 931). The ability to hear is essential to a childs ability to develop language and speech and because many children with Down Syndrome have hearing problems early in their lives, hearing loss is a great concern for these individuals. Consequently, children with Down Syndrome who are diagnosed with a hearing impairment are in danger of having learning impairments subsequent to their hearing loss. Therefore the diagnosis and treatment of otological disorders in children is an important topic for the education of speech and language students as well as clinical research. A study by Kattan, Jarrar, and Mahasinin 2000 found that 50% of the 26 children they tested had a conductive hearing loss, 4% had sensoirneural hearing loss, 4% exhibited a sensorineural hearing loss, while 35% had normal hearing (Kattan et al. 931). Though a small study, it supports the general consensus that children with Down Syndrome have a high incidence of persistent conductive hearing loss. This must be aggressively diagnosed and managed because this hearing loss may turn out to be one of the major factors that may cause the spoken communication abilities of Down syndrome children to rate significantly lower than their actual cognitive abilities. The conductive loss often seen in individuals with Down Syndrome can result from several otologic pathologies such as stenotic ear canals, otitis media, glue ear, cerumen impaction, and cholesteatoma (Satwant S. et al. ). Stenotic ear canals refer to an external ear canal, the canal that connects the external ear to the middle ear, that has become unusually narrow. If the ear canal is narrow enough it may cause a hearing loss. The stenotic ear canals can present several practical problems, the canals may become easily clogged, and it may be difficult to correctly diagnose middle ear disease in stenotic ear canals. To be sure of appropriate examination and diagnosis, the canals may require an otolaryngologist to clean the canals before examinations, which should occur every three months to prevent ear infections that may otherwise go undiagnosed and untreated. It should be noted that since ear canals grow with age, the childs canals may widen, and may no longer be a problem after about age three (â€Å"Ear, Nose, and Throat and Down syndrome – National Down Syndrome Society†). The diagnosis for this is aided by a simple macroscopic examination of the canal or a standard otoscopic examination. In terms of treatment, a surgeon may remove extra tissue to widen the canal. Another concern is the actual craniofacial and orofacial anatomy of Down syndrome children which may also lead to chronic ear problems. Certain anatomical characteristics may impede the aeration of the middle ear which can lead to otitis media. The outer ear canal normally cleans itself, moving cerumen away from the tympanic membrane towards the external auditory meatus, but in children with Down syndrome, the canal is abnormally narrow making these processes less efficient and leading to a build up of ear wax. This accumulation of cerumen is made worse by the fact that it may be more copious and harder than normal, and the impacted ear wax may then block the external auditory meatus. There may also be problems with the Eustachian tube which connects the middle ear space to the nasopharynx. Eustachian tube dysfunction may result in otitis media with effusion (glue ear), which can result in a conductive hearing loss. Otitis media with effusion does not resolve on its own in Down syndrome individuals as it does in others due to the shape of the Eustachian tube. In general, the tube may be narrower and more horizontal than normal and the nasopharynx may be small (Snashall, Susan). Also, children with Down syndrome may have hypotonia, also known as low muscle tone, which may cause difficulties in opening and closing the tube. This can cause an accumulation of negative air pressure in the middle ear space which may result in retention of fluids and infection (â€Å"Ear, Nose, and Throat and Down Syndrome†). Another concern about Eustachian tube dysfunction is that it will last longer in children with Down syndrome that other children, so an important part of prevention is frequent examinations and consistent monitoring. Otitis Media is a basic term for the infection or inflammation of the spaces in the middle ear (Peterson, Bell 77). Though otitis media is a very common childhood illness, children with Down syndrome are particularly susceptible to ear infection including serous otitis media (thin, watery fluid is present with infection). There are several causes for this; for one, individuals often produce large amounts of mucous. When this is coupled with immunodeficiency in the individual, infection may easily occur. Also due to immunodeficiency, children with Down syndrome have a higher incidence of upper respiratory infections which can predispose chronic (lasting at least six weeks) otitis media. Upper respiratory infections or allergies may result in a swollen Eustachian tube which may entrap bacteria and may result in otitis media. Symptoms of otitis media include ear otalgia, which refers to ear pain, fever, and otorrhea, which refers to discharge of the ear. To diagnose otitis media, an otoscopic examination will often be effective. The doctor will be looking to see a tympanic membrane that is normal in color, pink to gray, and it should be slightly translucent. An inflammed, red or engorged eardrum will point towards infection, as well as a tympanic membrane that bulges outward, retracts inward, or shows signs of perforation. Other options are tympanometry to test the middle ear function and test for fluid. If a child experiences chronic Eustachian tube dysfunction, treatment may include pressure equalization tubes which can eliminate the chronic episodes. These tubes are placed in the eardrum and allow air to enter the middle ear. The downside of the tubes is that they may need to be replaced. For chronic ear infections, anti-biotic medication may also be considered. Glue ear is also called secretory otitis media or otitis media with effusion. Like regular otitis media, it has a high incidence in Down syndrome children. A mucous like fluid secretes and gathers in the middle ear, which should only be filled with air, and covers the ossicles, preventing them from moving normally, which results in reduced hearing levels. While glue ear is common, Down syndrome provides extra complications to this condition. For one, the glue-like substance is stickier which makes it more difficult to wash and prone to infection. Again, anatomy may affect the condition because if the Eustachian tubes are narrower and more horizontal, it will be difficult for the Eustachian tube to let the middle ear drain. Treatment of glue ear is essential because, if left untreated, glue ear may result in irreversible damage to the middle ear, this may be due to the lack of motility of the ossicles. Fortunately, there are three main approaches to treating glue ear: pressure equalization tubes, microsuction, and tonsillectomy, adenoidectomy or both, so there are several options to accommodate individual needs. The procedure to inset pressure equalization tubes is called a myringotomy operation and refers to the small cut made in the tympanic membrane which may also be done as a separate procedure. It is generally performed with the patient under a general anesthetic. If the fluid is very viscous a cut will be made to let air into the middle ear space while the other cut drains the fluid. Pressure equalization tubes go through the tympanic membrane, relieving the often painful pressure of the fluid against the eardrum, and allow for the fluid in the middle ear to drain into the external auditory canal. The tube is held in place by the tension in the tympanic membrane. The pressure equalization tubes will be pushed out of the tympanic membrane after a few months to a year of having them in place, but if they are placed correctly they are extremely effective, allowing the fluid to leave the middle ear space. If an adenoidectomy is to be performed as well, it will probably be during the same surgery. Adenoidectomy removes the adenoids if they are enlarged. Removal may be beneficial because it is behind the adenoids that glue ear may reoccur after pressure equalization tube placement. Another option is microsuction, which involves inserting a needle through the tympanic membrane and using it to draw out the fluid. The upside to this procedure is that the fluid does not end up in the external auditory canal and have to be cleaned, which is especially helpful in children with Down syndrome with narrow canals. The downside of microsuction is that it often requires several procedures. Like glue ear, cerumen impaction is a very common otologic pathology, and it has a high incidence in individuals with Down syndrome. It is a common cause of conductive hearing loss. Ear wax is meant to protect the skin of the canal, especially when it is filled with water. Normally, the wax should move towards the opening of the ear it is easily washed away. As mentioned before, individuals with Down syndrome often have cerumen that is abnormally hard or thick and accumulates quickly in a narrow ear canal and may quickly block the canal with partial or full occlusion. This may result in a reversible conductive hearing loss. In â€Å"a study of 107 children with Down syndrome who were referred to otolaryngologists showed that 39% had stenosis of the external auditory canal frequently complicated by cerumen impaction† (Roland et al. 52). The combination of the accumulation of thick cerumen and auditory canal stenosis can quickly lead to a conductive hearing loss. The symptoms of impacted cerumen are earaches, the sensation of plugged ears, tinnitus, and some hearing loss. To remove the ear wax, oil can be used to soften the cerumen. This may also be done as a preventative measure. Many cases of cerumen impaction may be treated at home, but in cases of auditory canal stenosis, the family may have an otolaryingologist remove the wax. Irrigation of the ear canal may also be effective, but irrigation should never be performed if the tympanic membrane may be perforated as this could lead to acoustic trauma or otitis media. Cholesteatoma are benign ear cysts, and, specifically, they are accumulations of squamous epithelium and karatin material that usually accumulate around the middle ear and mastoid and form a â€Å"progressively enlarging and destructive cystic lesion† (Issacson 604). The cholesteatoma may continue to enlarge to the point where it will destroy bone. If untreated, lesions may break through the temporal bone and apply pressure to the brain, which may result in infection that may, in turn, lead to intercranial abscesses. Individuals with Down syndrome are more at risk for developing cholesteatoma because they may have some of the conditions that put individuals at risk for developing the cysts such as â€Å"middle ear diseases, eustachian tube dysfunction, prior otological surgery, traumatic blast injury to ear, and congenital anomalies† (â€Å"Cholesteatoma†). If an individual complains of otorrhea (discharge from the ear) or hearing loss, an otolaryngologist should realize that cholesteatoma might be present (Bacciu et al. ). Cholesteatomas may cause irreversible hearing loss but fortunately, most incidences may be cured through surgery. The surgerys outcome depends on the size of the cholesteaoma when it is diagnosed. For children, it is important that lesions in the tympanic membrane are diagnosed by a pediatrician and that the child is then referred to an otolaryngologist. The cholesteatoma will be first noticeable as a round cyst, white in color, that can be seen behind the tympanic membrane, which is still in tact. If the cholesteatoma goes unnoticed, it will grow and the middle ear space will have a large white mass that bulges outward. A cholestatoma may be congenital or acquired. As they enlarge, the normal variegated appearance of the middle-ear space disappears, replaced by a bulging white mass. In the early stages of the cholesteatoma, it is unusual for the tympanic membrane to be perforated and for drainage to occur. These incidents most often come months or years after the onset of hearing loss which helps emphasize the importance of early detection (Issacson 607). A 2005 study by Bacciu, Pasanisi, Vincent, et al. , was conducted to â€Å"document the surgical treatment of cholesteatoma in subjects with Down syndrome† (Bacciu et al. 1007). This study exemplified some of the methods used to treat cholesteatoma as well as the challenges inherent in the treatment of this otologic pathology for Down syndrome individuals. They followed nine pediatric patients that were being surgically treated, and two of the patients had cholesteatoma in both ears (bilateral), which brought the total of ears being treated to 11. Two of the ears underwent a canal-wall-up mastoidectomy, while eight ears underwent a canal-wall-down mastoidectomy. Mastoidectomy refers to the removal of an infected section of the mastoid bone. One ear underwent a modified Bondy procedure, a modification of the mastoidectomy which entails exteriorizing the mastoid cavity leaving the pars tensa and ossicles intact. The outcome of this study was that one of the ears that underwent the canal-wall-up mastoidectomy was found to have reamaining cholesteatoma present. Another ear, after the same procedure, developed recurrent cholesteatoma which necessitates a change to a canal-wall-down mastoidectomy. Another patients neotympanic membrane became perforated and had to be repaired. This study demonstrated that cholesteatoma can be difficult to completely eradicate in a patient with Down syndrome, and an emphasis should always be put on early diagnosis and prevention especially in light of the challenges presented by the orofacial and craniofacial anatomy of children with Down syndrome. Despite the fact that conductive hearing loss is more prevalent than sensorineural hearing loss in individuals with Down syndrome, they are more likely to more likely to â€Å"have congenital permanent inner ear hearing loss than the general population (which has an incidence of 1:1000)† (Snashall, Susan). One of the reasons this happens is because the Cochlear hair cells may be absent. If the hair cells are present, they may still be subject to early degeneration. Once they reach their teenage years and after, they have a good chance of cochlear degeneration occurring. Hearing aids are often looked at as a viable option for even mild loses and amplification plays an important role in treating hearing loss in children with Down syndrome because it is probable that even a mild loss will have a strong impact on the development of their language. This is a severe concern, so hearing aids are also often recommended for conductive hearing loses that may last for over a few months. Hearing aids are also used with Down syndrome adult individuals who are living with early onset dementia because the loss may significantly affect their cognition skills. There are special considerations to take into account when Down syndrome individuals are to receive hearing aids because their ears tend to be smaller. It may also be that hearing aids are not appropriate for a child and a classroom FM system may be implemented instead. For cases of sensorineural hearing loss, recruitment is nearly always concomitant with the loss. Recruitment refers to the perception that the level of sound drastically increases for specific frequencies and becomes too loud too quickly and causes pain. It follows, then, that recruitment may lead to sound intolerance. This concern will be reflected in the prescription for the amplification devices. Down syndrome is the most commonly occurring chromosomal condition, and research into improving the quality of life for people with Down syndrome is, of course, incredibly important. It may be easy to underestimate the impact that a hearing loss may have on an individuals quality of life, especially in children when even a mild loss can be devastating to their speech and language development, but hearing is a critical skill for communication which is an integral part of a good quality of life. Thus, the treatment of otologic pathologies and hearing loss in Down syndrome is of the greatest concern to giving individuals with Down syndrome the quality of life they deserve.

The Role of Service Industry in the Economic Development of Bangladesh free essay sample

E-mail: [emailprotected] com 3. Assistant Professor, Faculty of Business Administration, BGC Trust University Bangladesh * E-mail of the corresponding author: [emailprotected] com Abstract The Economy of Bangladesh is classified into three sectors. Of these, the average contribution of service sector, industry sector, agriculture sector to the GDP are 49. 33%, 28. 42% and 22. 42% respectively. So, the service sectors contribute most of the development of national economy. The research aims are to analyze the comparative contribution of service sector with other sectors, the impact of trade liberalization of service sector and to provide the recommendations for development of service sector. It is taken a sample of ten years data of GDP from 2000-01 to 2009-10 for analyzing the comparison of service sector with other sectors (industry and agriculture). The average growth rates between service sectors and industry sectors or agriculture sector or total GDP are analyzed with‘t’ test. The average growth rate of service sector, inudsty sector, and agriculture sector are 6. We will write a custom essay sample on The Role of Service Industry in the Economic Development of Bangladesh or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 17%, 7. 49%, 3. 21% respectively. The growth of service sector is more than the agriculture sector but less than the industry sector (result of‘t’ test). The paper also reveals that total trade deficit of service is increasing over the year. The average employment of Agriculture, Industry, Service to total employment are 58. 89%, 12. 39% and 25. 36% respectively. The paper emphasizes for the development of Tourism sector, Software, Transportation and Financial srvice, Education with quality, etc. Keywords: GDP, Service, Agriculture, Industry 1. Introduction The Economy of Bangladesh is growing one. It is basically divided into three basic sectors viz. Service, Agriculture and Industry. Among the Economic Sectors in Bangladesh, Service sector is most important. The contribution of service sector to the GDP is about 50% (Bangladesh Economic Review-2010). So, Service sectors influence the development of national economy. There is a latent demand for services in Bangladesh. To specify the need of services for huge population of Bangladesh, such sectors are to be opened for private entrepreneurs with required control. The enormous contribution of service sector and an increasing trend therein have played an important role in high growth of GDP. The analysis of last few years’ data gives a clear idea on the phenomenon. The contribution of the industry sector to the economy of Bangladesh has been increasing day by day. For the purpose of national income accounting, Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS) divides the economy into fifteen sectors (Bangladesh Economic Review-2010, Ministry of Finance). 2. Problem statement From the growth of overall size of Economy, it is difficult to identify the significance of specific sector. Proper nurturing of significantly contributory sector, the growth of Economy may be resisted. Previously there was no difference between Services and Products. Service concept is the modern issue in the world. The most of the business is related to services. Even the product itself provides the service to the customers. So the services are the vital issue now. The economic sectors classified by Bangladesh Government are Hotel and Restaurant, Retail trade and Wholesale trade, Transportation and Communication, Real state and Renting, Financial Institution, Public Administration and Defense, Education, Health and Social Services, Community and Personal Services are included under Service Sectors. So they occupy a major share of total economics sectors. As a result, importance of service is significant. For Economic development we always think regarding industry and agriculture sectors rather service sectors. But major sector in the economy is service sector. In the modern world, service is required in every phase of life. People expect better service. Our public sectors 178 Research Journal of Finance and Accounting ISSN 2222-1697 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2847 (Online) Vol 3, No 5, 2012 www. iiste. org including public enterprises are largest sectors in the economy. But these sectors are losing concern. The public sector is unable to provide competitive service. So, people go to private sectors such as financial institutions, transportation, hospitals, educational institutions, and communication media for better service. But the growth rate of service sectors is either below expected level or not as per its importance in the economy. From this research the problems of service sectors are identified. For increasing the living standard of the people the service concept has come to lime light. Service marketing and service management will get the importance to develop the service sectors in Bangladesh. The research aims are to analyze the comparative contribution of service sector with other sectors, the impact of trade liberalization of service sector and to provide the recommendations for development of service sector. 3. Objectives of the Study Some specific objectives are set for this research. The principal objective of this study is to evaluate the comparative position of service sector. To accomplish this basic objective, following specific objectives are set: i. To conduct the comparative analysis of service sector with Agriculture and Industry sectors. ii.. To analyze the impact of Liberalization on Service sectors iii. To provide the recommendations for development of Service sector. 4. Methodology This research has used mostly secondary data have been used for analysis. Data have been collected from Bangladesh Economic Survey, Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Bangladesh Bank, World Bank, and Internet web sites, Books, Newspapers, Magazines and Journals. We have used required data for ten years from 2000-01 to 2009-10 for analyzing the contribution of economic sectors, growth rate of each sectors viz. service, industry and agriculture. Data of service export and import from 2004-05 to 2009-10 (five years) and the data of employment contribution for 9 years have been explained. 4. 1 Analysis of data: The data have been analyzed using graph, chart and some other simple statistical tools. The growth rate of service sectors (trend) is shown by graphical presentation. The total contribution of service sectors and sector wise share of major sectors are shown graphically. The average growth rates between service sectors and industry sectors or agriculture sector or total GDP have been compared by student’s‘t’ test. 4. 2 Hypothesis test 4. 2. H 0 : Â µ1 = Â µ 2 (There is no significant difference between the growth rate of service sectors and industry sectors. ) 4. 2. 2 H 0 : Â µ1 = Â µ 2 (There is no significant difference between the growth rate of service sectors and agriculture sectors) 4. 2. 3. H 0 : Â µ1 = Â µ 2 (There is no significant difference between the growth rate of service sectors a nd the growth rate of total GDP) 5. Analysis and Results 5. 1. The Contribution of Service Sector Off all the sectors, service sector is prominent one. Service sector has the growing potential to be driver of sustainable economic growth and significant poverty alleviation in Bangladesh. Service sector in Bangladesh is the largest sector. From the table 2(a), it is observed that the contribution of the service sector is average 49. 33%. It is steady over the period. The contribution of service sectors are 48. 77% in 2000-01 and 49. 90% in 2009-10. Figure-1 demonstrates contribution of different sectors in GDP. The groth rate of srvice sector is steady. The average growth is 6. 17%. The growth rates are 5. 43% ,6. 40%, and 6. 59% in 2001-02, 2005-06, 2009-10 respectively. 5. 2. Growth of Sub-sectors of Service Sector Growth rate of service sector is consistnent and contineous. From the Table 1(b), it is shown that the four sub sectors –(i) Trade (ii) Transport, storage and communication (iii) Realstate renting and other Business activities (iv) Community, social and personal services contribute more in GDP which are 14. 06%, 10. 07%, 7. 98%, 7. 39% 179 Research Journal of Finance and Accounting ISSN 2222-1697 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2847 (Online) Vol 3, No 5, 2012 www. iiste. org respectively. But The growth rate is more for the Education, Banking, Public administration, Transportation which are 8. 42%,8. 13%, 7. 88% ,7. 48% respectively. 5. 3. Comparative Analysis of Service Sector with Agriculture and Industry Sector From the comparative presentation of the sectors, it is found that service sector is sustaiable in terms of growth and contribution to toal GDP. From the Table 2(a), 2(b) and figure -2, it is shown that the average contribution of service sector, industry and agriculute sectors are 49. 33%, 28. 42%, 22. 25% respectively. So, the service sector is the half of total sector of economy. The growth rate of service sector, inudsty sector,and agriculture secture are 6. 17%, 7. 49%, 3. 21% respectively. Here, from the figure-2, it is seen that the contribution of service sector is steady. The contribution of industry sector is increasing with the reducing trend of agriculture sector. Here, aparently it is seen that the average growth rate of service sector is more the agriculture sectors and the total GDP growth and the average gorwth rate of industry sector is slightly more than the service sector. Now we shall statistically test whether the average growth rate of service sector is more than the agriculture sectors and total GDP growth and whther there is significant difference of growth rate between service sectors and industry sector. . Hypothesis test Since in the given data variances of population are unknown and the sample size is small we have used t-test from the table -6. The result of hypothesis test is in table 3. 6. 1. H 0 : Â µ1 = Â µ 2 (There is no significant difference between the growth rate of service sectors and industry sectors. ) Table 3: Paired Samples Test D etails 95% Paired Std. Std. Confidence Differences Deviation Error Interval of the Mean Mean Difference Lower Upper 1. 1152 . 3717 -2. 1783 -. 4639 t df Sig. (2tailed) Pair 1 Growth rate of Service sector Growth rate of Industry sector -1. 211 Growth rate of Service sector Growth rate of Agriculture sector Growth rate of Service sector Growth rate of Total GDP sector 8 3. 554 .007 Pair 2 2. 7722 1. 2957 . 4319 1. 7763 3. 76826. 419 8 . 4806 . 1602 7. 3847E- . 6650 1. 845 8 02 .000 Pair 3 .2956 .102 Source: Compiled by authors through SPSS The table value is -2. 306 So, the calculated value (-3. 554) is outside the critical region. So, the alternative hypothesis is accepted. There is significant difference between the growth rate of service sector and industry sector. The growth rate of industry is more than that of service sector. 6. 2. H 0 : Â µ1 = Â µ 2 (There is no significant difference between the growth rate of service sectors and agriculture sectors) The table value is 2. 306. The calculated value(6. 1. 77) is outside the critical region. So, the growth of service sector is more than the growth of agriculture sector. 6. 3. H 0 : Â µ1 = Â µ 2 (There is no significant difference between the growth rate of service sectors and total GDP) The table value is 2. 3306. The calculated value (t=1. 84) is inside the critical region. So, the null hypothesis is accepted. Though the average growth rate of service sector is more than the growth rate of total GDP, but there is no difference with t test. 180 Research Journal of Finance and Accounting ISSN 2222-1697 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2847 (Online) Vol 3, No 5, 2012 7. Trade of service and Trade liberization www. iiste. org Trade liberlization has opened a new horizon for service exports. Service export is the amount which is paid by the foreign national for using the service of Bangladesh. Service import is the amount which is paid by the Bangladeshi national for using the service of other countries. GATS was formed to eliminate the trade barriers. Here we shall see the impact of trade liberization on the service sectors of Bangladesh. From the table 4, the figure-3 is drawn. It is found from the figure -3 that the import of service average Tk. 199368 million is more than the export of service average Tk. 112214. 5 million. The total trade deficit is increasing over the year. The average rate of growth of service export is more than service import which are 16. 16% and 15. 89% respectively. This is a good symptom for Bangladesh. 8. Employment opportunity in Service sector Service sector has created a great scope for employment. Bangladesh is a labor intensive country. Population is an important resource of Bangladesh. From the table 5 (data is taken from world Bank data bank) the figure-4 is drawn and it is shown that average employment of Agriculture, Industry, Service to toal employment are 58. 89%, 12. 39 5and 25. 36% respectively. But employment of service sector is increasing. The employment of industry sector is increasing but agriculure sector is decreasing. 9. Recommendations for Service Sectors After analysis, it can be said that the contribution of service sector is about 49. 22% and the growth rate of service sector is 6. 75%. The contribution is about half of the total economic sectors and the growth rate is more than the average growth of GDP. Emphasis is given on the service sector for development. Since the industry sector is growing rapidly (7. 49%), support can be given by providing the quality and smooth service. The employment in service sector is increasing day by day. So, there is lot o f opportunity for employment in this sector. Though there is negative Trade Balance of service of Bangladesh, the growth rate of srvice export is more than that of import. It is a good symptom for us. So we have to emphasize the service export such as Tourism, Software, Transportation and Financial srvice etc. The prospects of some promising service sectors are pointed out below. 9. 1. Development of Tourism Tourism is one of the most promising sectors for Bangladesh with her huge natural beauty, heroic historical background and archaeological resources (Das Chakroborty 2012). Bangladesh is a country of natural beauty. She has lot of tourism places. These places are of different interest like beaches, historical places, archaeological sites, religious palaces, forest and jungle etc. . 2. Development of Software and IT With the passage of time, the globe is being changed from analogue to automation. During last few years Bangladesh showed enormous success in Software and IT Sector which can enlarge the extent of her service market (BASIS 2010). The current size of Bangladesh IT Industry and software/ITES industry is still smaller compared to the overall economy and the number of p opulation (over 150 million). Over the last few years the industry has been grown considerably and is expected to grow at that rate for some time. 9. 3. Information Communication Technology (ICT) With the hope of great development, the govrnment of people republic of Bangladesh introduced National Information and Communication Technology (ICT) Policy in October 2002. This policy document guides the development of a country-wide ICT-infrastructure for human resources development, governance, e-commerce, banking, public utility services and all sorts of on-line ICT-enabled services by 2006. 9. 4. Improvement in Transportation Transportation is an important sub-sector of total service sector. It includes different type of transport for example road transport, waterways, railways, and airlines. Of these, road transport is mostly used means of transport. Road transport in Bangladesh is a private sector affair operating predominantly in domestic routes. 181 Research Journal of Finance and Accounting ISSN 2222-1697 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2847 (Online) Vol 3, No 5, 2012 www. iiste. org Rates are among the cheapest in the world. Express and non stop services are available. Total Highways is 204,022 km of which paved is 25,095 km and unpaved is 178,927 km (1996 est. ) (bangla2000. com). 9. 5. Quality Financial Services Financial service is another important part of total service sector in Bangladesh. It is a promising sub sector which consists of the Bangladesh Bank (the central bank), four nationalized commercial banks (NCBs), 5 stateowned specialized banks (SBs), more than 30 private sector commercial banks (PCBs) and more than 9 foreign commercial banks (PCBs). The rest of the financial sector consists of more than 29 non-bank financial institutions, the capital market, 3 general and 17 life insurance companies, the cooperative banks and the microfinance institutions. 9. 6. Development of Education sector For increasing of people and literacy rate, the demand of higher education is increasing. The technical institution, Business education, health education create the demand to the people. The development of government and private universities is the indicator of growing demand of education sector. 10. Concluding Remarks The contribution of service sector is about 50 percent of the total GDP. So, the growth rate of GDP depends on the service sectors. The service sector provides the support for the development Industry sector and agriculture sector. For the international trade (export and import), the smooth transportations, financial and insurance service is required. For the improvement of the GDP sector, it has to give special emphasize on service sectors. There is lot of scope of development of service sector. Bangladesh is providing transit and transshipment to India, Nepal and Bhutan that will increase return from the transportation and communication sector. The manufacturing sector is growing rapidly. So, the need of financial service and education is increasing in future. Tourism, hotel service is promising in Bangladesh. The trade liberalization on service will cause the opportunity for service export. So, we have to take the initiatives for development of service sectors. This paper has analyzed the comparative contribution of service sector, the growth of service sector, service export and the employment in service sectors. There is scope for further research about the ways of development of service sectors. References: Bangladesh Parjatan Corporation n. d. SUNDARBAN Royal Bengal Tiger and Mangrove Forest accessed 2 May 2011, www. parjatan. gov. bd/forest. php Bangladesh Association of Software and Information Services 2010, BASIS Resource Center, Bangladesh, accessed 2 May, 2011, http://www. basis. org. bd/index. php/resource Bhuyan A. R. , Hossain M. I. and Hossai M. A. , 20007, Study on the Services Sector of Bangladesh, The Bangladesh Trade Support Programme (BTSP) Brahs, Stuart J. 2002. Priorities for WTO Financial Services Negotiations Fund Management and Pensions, Principal Financial Group, Washington DC. Bangladesh Bareu of Statistics, BBS (Labour Force Survey) 2006, Dhaka Comjagat. com 2010, Status and Prospects http://www. comjagat. com/home/articles/morearticles/5515 of ICT in Bangladesh, Bangladesh, Choudhury T. A. , Raihan A. , Habib S. and S. Chowdhury. 2000. Effects of WTO on Financial System of Bangladesh: A Research Report, BIBM, 2000. All the journals articles are available online to the readers all over the world without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than those inseparable from gaining access to the internet itself. Printed version of the journals is also available upon request of readers and authors. IISTE Knowledge Sharing Partners EBSCO, Index Copernicus, Ulrichs Periodicals Directory, JournalTOCS, PKP Open Archives Harvester, Bielefeld Academic Search Engine, Elektronische Zeitschriftenbibliothek EZB, Open J-Gate, OCLC WorldCat, Universe Digtial Library , NewJour, Google Scholar